A nurse is providing teaching to a client who is to undergo a cardiac catheterization. Which of the following findings is expected during the procedure?

• Lack of sleep: Decreased need for sleep is a core feature of mania, where individuals may go days with minimal rest and still appear energetic or overly active. It is not a defining feature of psychosis, though it may occur secondarily.
• Pressured speech: Pressured, rapid, and difficult-to-interrupt speech is strongly associated with mania, reflecting accelerated thought processes and elevated mood. It is uncommon in psychosis unless mania and psychotic features coexist.
• Disorganized thought process: This is a hallmark of psychosis, often seen in disorders like schizophrenia. It includes loose associations, tangentiality, and difficulty organizing ideas, and can impair communication significantly.
• Excessive spending habits: Engaging in impulsive or risky financial behaviors is a classic symptom of mania, often driven by grandiosity or impaired judgment. This behavior is not typical of psychosis unless mania is also present.
• Hallucinations: Perceptual disturbances such as seeing or hearing things that are not present are definitive features of psychosis. While they can occur in severe mania with psychotic features, they are primarily linked to psychotic disorders.

A. Choose a vein that is palpable and straight. A palpable, straight vein provides the best access for successful IV catheter insertion. It allows for easier threading of the catheter and reduces the risk of complications like infiltration.
B. Select a site on the client's dominant arm. The non-dominant arm is usually preferred to minimize interference with daily activities and reduce the risk of dislodgement due to frequent use.
C. Elevate the client's arm prior to insertion. Elevating the arm can decrease venous filling, making veins less prominent and harder to access. Instead, the arm should be placed in a dependent position to promote vein distention.
D. Apply a tourniquet below the venipuncture site. The tourniquet should always be placed above the insertion site to restrict venous return and make the veins more prominent and easier to access.