A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a vitamin B12 deficiency about the potential manifestations of their condition if it is left untreated. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching?

A. Increased heart rate - Tachycardia can occur as the heart compensates for increased blood volume and the need to maintain effective circulation.

B. Increased hematocrit - Hematocrit usually decreases in fluid overload because the increased plasma volume dilutes the red blood cells.

C. Increased blood pressure - Excess fluid volume often leads to hypertension as there is more fluid for the heart to pump, increasing vascular resistance.

D. Increased temperature - Temperature is not directly affected by fluid overload; fever or changes in temperature are more likely related to infection or other inflammatory responses.

E. Increased respiratory rate - Fluid overload can cause pulmonary congestion and decreased oxygenation, leading to increased respiratory effort to maintain adequate oxygen levels.

A. Hypotension: Hypotension is a common sign of hemorrhage. It occurs due to significant blood loss leading to decreased circulating blood volume and reduced cardiac output, which in turn lowers blood pressure. In the context of postoperative care, hypotension is a critical sign that may indicate internal bleeding.

B. Diaphoresis: Diaphoresis (excessive sweating) can be an autonomic response to acute blood loss and shock. The body tries to compensate for reduced blood volume and pressure by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which results in sweating as part of the body's effort to maintain perfusion to vital organs.

C. Tachypnea: Tachypnea (rapid breathing) is a compensatory mechanism in response to decreased oxygen delivery due to blood loss. The body increases respiratory rate to improve oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues, which is vital when there is reduced blood volume from hemorrhage.

D. Bradycardia: Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typically associated with hemorrhage. Instead, hemorrhage usually causes tachycardia (rapid heart rate) as the body attempts to maintain cardiac output and compensate for the loss of blood volume. Bradycardia could indicate other issues such as increased intracranial pressure or a vagal response but is not a common sign of acute hemorrhage.

E. Diarrhea: Diarrhea is not a sign of hemorrhage. It is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal issues such as infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, or reactions to medications. Hemorrhage typically affects cardiovascular parameters rather than causing gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea.