A nurse is providing teaching to a client and his partner about performing peritoneal dialysis at home. When discussing peritonitis, which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as the earliest indication of this complication?

B. Photophobia, or sensitivity to light, is a common symptom in clients with meningitis. It occurs due to irritation of the meninges and the optic nerve by the inflammatory process. Clients may avoid bright lights and prefer dimly lit environments to reduce discomfort.

A Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typically associated with meningitis. In fact, many clients with meningitis may present with tachycardia (fast heart rate) due to fever, dehydration, and systemic inflammation. Therefore, bradycardia is not an expected finding in meningitis.

C. Petechiae (small red or purple spots) on the chest can occur in bacterial meningitis, particularly in cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis. These petechiae are often seen in clusters and can indicate disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a serious complication associated with meningococcal infection. However, they are less specific

D. Headache is a hallmark symptom of meningitis, typically described as severe and persistent. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity), photophobia, and altered mental status. Headache in meningitis is usually continuous rather than intermittent.

B. HbA1c is considered the gold standard for assessing long-term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. It provides an overall picture of how well blood sugar levels have been controlled over the preceding 2-3 months, helping healthcare providers adjust treatment plans as needed.

A Postprandial (after-meal) blood glucose levels indicate how well blood sugar levels are controlled after eating. While important for immediate assessment of glucose management after meals, it does not provide a comprehensive view of long-term glycemic control.

C. While fasting blood glucose levels are important in daily diabetes management, they do not provide the extended timeframe assessment that HbA1c does for long-term control.

D. OGTT results are not typically used to monitor long-term glycemic control in individuals with established diabetes mellitus. It assesses how the body responds to a glucose load and is not as practical or common for routine monitoring compared to HbA1c.