A nurse is preparing to administer ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.1 g by intermittent IV bolus over 30 min. Available is ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.1 g in 50 ml 0.9% sodium chloride (NSS). The nurse should set the IV pump to deliver how many mL/hr? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) _mL/hr

A) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA):
Obstructive sleep apnea is a known risk factor for the development of hypertension. During episodes of sleep apnea, breathing repeatedly stops and starts, leading to disruptions in normal sleep patterns and potentially contributing to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which can elevate blood pressure over time.

B) The choice B was incorrect. While a diet high in potassium is generally associated with lower blood pressure due to its beneficial effects on blood vessel function and fluid balance, it is not considered a risk factor for developing hypertension. In fact, potassium-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and legumes are often recommended as part of a heart-healthy diet to help manage blood pressure.

C) The choice C was incorrect. A high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level of 70 mg/dL is actually considered beneficial for cardiovascular health. HDL is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of plaque buildup in the arteries. Having a high HDL level is typically associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension.

D) The choice D was incorrect. Benazepril is actually an antihypertensive medication, specifically an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It is used to treat hypertension, not as a risk factor for its development. ACE inhibitors work by relaxing blood vessels, which helps lower blood pressure. While taking certain medications like benazepril may contribute to the management of hypertension, they are not considered risk factors for its development.

E) Cigarette smoking:
Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for the development of hypertension. Smoking cigarettes can lead to the constriction of blood vessels, increased heart rate, and damage to the lining of blood vessels, all of which can elevate blood pressure. Additionally, the chemicals in tobacco smoke can contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, further exacerbating cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking cessation is an essential component of hypertension management and overall cardiovascular health.

A) Routinely exercise indoors:
Exercising indoors may be beneficial for individuals taking anticholinergic drugs to minimize the risk of heat-related complications. However, this option does not directly address the need to avoid extremes of temperature on exertion, which is crucial for preventing heat exhaustion and heat stroke. While indoor exercise can provide a controlled environment, it does not eliminate the risk entirely, especially if the indoor area is not adequately ventilated or air-conditioned.

B) Wear dark, warm clothing during the summer months:
Wearing dark, warm clothing during the summer months can exacerbate the risk of heat-related complications for individuals taking anticholinergic drugs. Dark clothing absorbs more heat from the sun, increasing body temperature, and warm clothing further contributes to heat retention. This option does not align with the goal of minimizing the risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

C) Avoid extremes of temperature on exertion:
This is the correct answer. Avoiding extremes of temperature on exertion is essential for individuals taking anticholinergic drugs to reduce the risk of heat-related complications such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Exertion in hot environments can lead to excessive sweating and dehydration, further compromising thermoregulation. By avoiding extremes of temperature and moderating exertion, individuals can better regulate body temperature and minimize the risk of heat-related adverse effects.

D) Take frequent showers in the evenings and early mornings:
While taking frequent showers in the evenings and early mornings may help cool the body and reduce the risk of heat-related discomfort, it does not specifically address the need to avoid extremes of temperature on exertion. While personal hygiene practices are important, they should be supplemented with measures aimed at preventing heat-related complications, such as avoiding exertion in extreme temperatures. Therefore, this option does not fully meet the goal of minimizing the risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke for individuals taking anticholinergic drugs.