A nurse is conducting a health promotion class about the use of oral contraceptives. Which of the following disorders is a contraindication for oral contraceptive use?

Rationale:
A. Prolonged QT interval: Morphine does not typically cause a prolonged QT interval. QT prolongation is more commonly associated with certain antiarrhythmic or psychotropic medications, not opioid toxicity.

B. Fluid retention: Morphine is not known to cause fluid retention. Signs of toxicity are primarily related to central nervous system and respiratory depression rather than cardiovascular fluid balance.

C. Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes: Morphine toxicity usually depresses neurological function, leading to decreased reflexes rather than hyperactivity. Hyperactive reflexes are not characteristic of opioid overdose.

D. Bradypnea: Respiratory depression, manifested as bradypnea, is a hallmark sign of morphine toxicity. Excessive morphine depresses the brainstem respiratory centers, reducing the rate and depth of respirations, which can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly.

Rationale:
A. Instruct the parent to give the infant water every 3 hr between feedings: Giving water to infants under 6 months can displace nutrient intake and increase the risk of hyponatremia. Breast milk or formula should remain the exclusive source of nutrition at this age.

B. Recommend the parent mix the milk with rice cereal for feedings: Introducing rice cereal at 3 months is not developmentally appropriate and can increase the risk of choking. Cow’s milk lacks the proper nutrient balance, and adding cereal does not correct these deficiencies.

C. Instruct the parent to give 5 mcg of vitamin D daily: While vitamin D supplementation is important for infants, the concern in this scenario is the use of cow’s milk, not vitamin D deficiency. Breastfed infants should receive supplementation, but formula-fed infants typically get adequate vitamin D through fortified formula.

D. Advise the parent to avoid giving cow's milk to the infant prior to 1 year of age: Cow’s milk should not be introduced before 12 months because it lacks iron, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids, and can cause gastrointestinal irritation and occult blood loss.