A nurse is collecting data from a newborn who has respiratory distress syndrome and is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following risk factors predisposes the newborn to respiratory difficulties?

Small for gestational age.

Maternal history of asthma.

Ventricular septal defect.

Cesarean birth.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A reason:

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are at risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and respiratory acidosis because they have immature lungs that produce less surfactant, which is needed to keep the alveoli open and prevent atelectasis. SGA newborns also have less glycogen stores, which can lead to hypoglycemia and impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues.

Choice B reason:

Maternal history of asthma is not a risk factor for RDS or respiratory acidosis in the newborn. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects the mother, not the fetus. Maternal asthma can cause complications such as preterm labor, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction, but it does not directly affect the fetal lung development or function.

Choice C reason:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that causes a hole in the wall between the ventricles of the heart. This can result in increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure, which can lead to pulmonary edema and heart failure in the newborn. However, VSD does not cause RDS or respiratory acidosis, which are related to lung maturity and surfactant production.

Choice D reason:

Cesarean birth is not a risk factor for RDS or respiratory acidosis in the newborn. Cesarean birth can increase the risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), which is caused by delayed absorption of fetal lung fluid. TTN usually resolves within 24 to 48 hours and does not cause a significant acid-base imbalance in the newborn.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Using illicit drugs is not a known cause of congenital hip dysplasia. Illicit drugs may have other harmful effects on the baby, but they do not affect the formation of the hip joint.

Choice B reason:

Unknown. The exact cause of congenital hip dysplasia is not clear. Both genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role in the development of the disorder. Some risk factors include being female, firstborn, breech position, family history, and tight swaddling.

Choice C reason:

Being in nursing school is not a cause of congenital hip dysplasia. This is an irrelevant and incorrect choice.

Choice D reason:

Drinking too much is not a cause of congenital hip dysplasia. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome and other complications, but it does not affect the formation of the hip joint.

A. Heel to ear B. Popliteal angle C. Moro reflex D. Scarf sign E. Arm recoil

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Heel to ear is a test that measures the flexibility of the newborn's hip and knee joints. The nurse should gently flex the newborn's hip and knee and bring the foot toward the ear on the same side. The closer the foot is to the ear, the higher the score. This test is part of the neuromuscular assessment for gestational age.

Choice B reason:

Popliteal angle is a test that measures the angle of flexion at the knee joint. The nurse should flex the newborn's hip and knee at 90 degrees and then extend the lower leg until resistance is felt. The smaller the angle, the higher the score. This test is also part of the neuromuscular assessment for gestational age.

Choice C reason:

Moro reflex is a test that evaluates the newborn's startle response. The nurse should hold the newborn in a semi-sitting position and then allow the head to fall back slightly. The newborn should extend and abduct the arms and legs, then flex and adduct them. This test is not part of the neuromuscular assessment for gestational age, but rather a reflex assessment for neurological function. •

Choice D reason:

Scarf sign is a test that measures the flexibility of the newborn's shoulder and elbow joints. The nurse should draw one of the newborn's arms across the chest toward the opposite shoulder. The farther the elbow can be moved across the body, the lower the score. This test is part of the neuromuscular assessment for gestational age.

Choice E reason:

Arm recoil is a test that measures the degree of flexion at the elbow joint. The nurse should extend both of the newborn's arms for 5 seconds and then release them. The arms should return to a flexed position quickly and fully. The faster and more complete the recoil, the higher the score. This test is part of the neuromuscular assessment for gestational age.

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A nurse is collecting data from a newborn who has respiratory distress syndrome and is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following risk factors predisposes the newborn to respiratory difficulties?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What causes congenital hip dysplasia?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is assisting to collect data for a gestational age assessment on a newborn. Which of the following should the nurse check during a neuromuscular assessment? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

Forms of exercise appropriate for a pregnant patient are? (Select all that apply.)

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