A nurse is collecting data from a client who is breastfeeding and reports a sudden onset of chills and a tender, red area on the right breast. The nurse should identify that these manifestations indicate which of the following conditions?
Mastitis
Engorgement
Blocked milk duct
Thrush
The Correct Answer is A
A. Mastitis: Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue, often caused by bacteria entering through a cracked nipple. It presents with localized redness, warmth, tenderness, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever and chills. These signs align with the client’s sudden onset of chills and a tender, red area on the breast, indicating an acute infectious process.
B. Engorgement: Engorgement occurs when the breasts are overfilled with milk, leading to generalized swelling, firmness, and mild discomfort. It usually develops gradually rather than suddenly and is not associated with systemic symptoms like chills or fever.
C. Blocked milk duct: A blocked duct can cause localized firmness and tenderness, often forming a small, palpable lump. Unlike mastitis, it typically does not produce systemic symptoms such as chills or fever, and the redness is usually limited to the area over the blockage rather than indicating infection.
D. Thrush: Thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, affecting the nipple or infant’s mouth. It presents with pain during breastfeeding, itching, or burning, and may show white patches on the nipple or tongue. Thrush does not cause localized redness, tenderness, or systemic symptoms such as chills.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. "I never did anything to deserve this.": This statement reflects feelings of anger and unfairness, which are characteristic of the anger stage of grief. The client is focusing on perceived injustice rather than attempting to negotiate or make promises to change outcomes.
B. "I'm going through a rough time, but things will improve.": This statement demonstrates hopefulness and optimism, which aligns more with denial or an attempt at coping. It does not indicate bargaining or negotiating to delay or change the outcome of the terminal illness.
C. "I need to see my child graduate from college before I go.": This statement reflects the bargaining stage of grief, where the client may make promises or set conditions in an attempt to postpone death or alter the outcome. It often involves “if only” thinking or focusing on specific events they hope to witness.
D. "I need to update my will as soon as possible.": Preparing legal documents or organizing affairs reflects acceptance of the terminal illness rather than bargaining. The client is acknowledging the inevitability of death and planning accordingly, which aligns with the acceptance stage of grief.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. A 2-month-old infant: The DTaP vaccine series begins at 2 months of age according to the routine immunization schedule. Administering the first dose at this age provides early protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, which can be severe in young infants. Subsequent doses are given at 4 months, 6 months, and booster doses at later intervals.
B. A 4-month-old infant: At 4 months, the infant is due for the second DTaP dose, not the initial dose. Administering the vaccine at this age without a prior first dose would be incomplete, as the series is designed to build immunity progressively from 2 months onward.
C. A 6-month-old infant: The 6-month visit typically coincides with the third DTaP dose in the primary series. The initial dose must have been administered at 2 months, making this age inappropriate for starting the series.
D. A 15-month-old toddler: By 15 months, the primary DTaP series should already be completed with a fourth dose administered between 15–18 months. Initiating the series at this age would require catch-up immunization protocols rather than the standard initial vaccination schedule.
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