A nurse is caring for a patient from Mexico and ensures to incorporate the patient’s cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the care plan.
Which nursing theorist’s principles does this action align with?
Florence Nightingale
Madeleine Leninger
Dorthea Orem
Jean Watson
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of modern nursing. Her environmental theory emphasized the impact of the environment on a patient’s health.
Choice B rationale
Madeleine Leninger is known for her Culture Care Diversity and Universality theory, which emphasizes cultural competency in nursing practice. This theory aligns with the action of incorporating a patient’s cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the care plan.
Choice C rationale
Dorthea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit theory focuses on the patient’s self-care needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.
Choice D rationale
Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring emphasizes the humanistic aspects of nursing in relation to health, illness, and healing.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The nurse completed the incident report at 1600.
Step 1 is to understand the 24-hour clock format. In this format, the hours of the day run 0-23, midnight to midnight.
Step 2 is to convert the time the nurse administered the medication (0900) to the 12-hour clock format. This is 9 a.m.
Step 3 is to add seven hours to this time (the time that passed before the nurse realized a medication error had occurred). 9 a.m. + 7 hours = 4 p.m.
Step 4 is to convert this time back to the 24-hour clock format. 4 p.m. is 1600 in the 24-hour clock format.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Fatigue is a subjective symptom because it is experienced and reported by the patient. Patients with left-sided heart failure often experience fatigue due to the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.
Choice B rationale
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is an objective symptom that can be measured and observed by healthcare professionals. It is not something that a patient can directly experience or report.
Choice C rationale
Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a subjective symptom as it is based on the patient’s personal experience. However, it is not the best answer in this case because the question asks for the “subjective symptoms,” and fatigue is a more common subjective symptom of left-sided heart failure.
Choice D rationale
Cyanosis, or bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood, is an objective symptom that can be observed by healthcare professionals. It is not something that a patient can directly experience or report.
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