A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who reports feeling shaky and having palpitations. When the nurse finds the client's blood glucose to be 48 mg/dL on the glucometer, he should give the client which of the following?

4 oz diet soda

1 tsp sugar

4 oz skim milk

Graham crackers

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. 4 oz diet soda: Diet soda contains artificial sweeteners, not real sugar, and therefore will not effectively raise blood glucose levels. It's not suitable for treating hypoglycemia.

B. 1 tsp sugar: While 1 tsp of sugar can provide some glucose, the amount is insufficient to treat hypoglycemia effectively. The American Diabetes Association recommends 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates, which is equivalent to about 4 teaspoons of sugar, not 1.

C. 4 oz skim milk: Skim milk contains both carbohydrates (approximately 12 grams of carbohydrates per 8 oz, so 4 oz would provide around 6 grams) and protein. While it can help raise blood glucose, it may not provide the recommended 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates to treat hypoglycemia quickly enough.

D. Graham crackers: Foods with a high glycemic index (GI), such as graham crackers, can cause blood sugar levels to rise relatively quickly. Graham crackers, being high in refined carbohydrates, can indeed result in a rapid increase in blood glucose levels compared to low-GI foods.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Hepatomegaly: Hepatomegaly, or enlargement of the liver, is a common finding in right-sided heart failure due to congestion of the liver from impaired venous return. It indicates systemic venous congestion.

B. Crackles in the lungs: Crackles in the lungs are more commonly associated with left-sided heart failure, which leads to pulmonary congestion. Right-sided heart failure primarily causes systemic venous congestion rather than pulmonary issues.

C. Dry, hacking cough: A dry, hacking cough is not typically associated with right-sided heart failure. It is more related to left-sided heart failure or other pulmonary conditions.

D. Dizziness: Dizziness can occur in various conditions, including heart failure, but it is not a specific finding for right-sided heart failure. It is often due to decreased cardiac output or orthostatic hypotension.

A. Chloride 99 mEq/L B. Calcium 10 mg/dL C. Sodium 136 mEq/L D. Potassium 2.3 mEq/L

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Chloride 99 mEq/L: A chloride level of 99 mEq/L is within the normal range (96-106 mEq/L) and is not typically a cause for concern. It does not indicate any significant imbalance that would require immediate attention.

B. Calcium 10 mg/dL: A calcium level of 10 mg/dL is within the normal range (8.5-10.5 mg/dL). Hydrochlorothiazide can cause hypercalcemia, but a level of 10 mg/dL is still within acceptable limits and not alarming.

C. Sodium 136 mEq/L: A sodium level of 136 mEq/L is within the normal range (135-145 mEq/L). While hydrochlorothiazide can cause electrolyte imbalances, this sodium level does not indicate hyponatremia or hypernatremia and is not a critical finding.

D. Potassium 2.3 mEq/L: A potassium level of 2.3 mEq/L is significantly below the normal range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) and indicates severe hypokalemia. This is a critical finding that needs to be reported because low potassium levels can lead to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias and other complications.

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A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who reports feeling shaky and having palpitations. When the nurse finds the client's blood glucose to be 48 mg/dL on the glucometer, he should give the client which of the following?

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