A nurse is caring for a client who tells the nurse that he feels he is being discharged from the facility too soon. Which of the following statements by the nurse demonstrates client advocacy?

Rationale:

A. "Biofeedback requires concentration to control physiological responses.": Biofeedback is a technique that helps clients gain voluntary control over involuntary bodily functions, such as muscle tension, heart rate, or skin temperature. Through focused concentration and real-time feedback from monitoring devices, clients learn to reduce stress and prevent migraine triggers.

B. “Biofeedback improves energy flow through soft tissue manipulation to increase circulation.": This description aligns more with massage or energy-based therapies, not biofeedback. Biofeedback does not involve physical manipulation of tissues but relies on monitoring and controlling physiological responses through mental focus.

C. "Biofeedback uses herbs to reduce inflammation": Herbal therapy is a complementary approach unrelated to biofeedback. Biofeedback does not incorporate herbal remedies and instead emphasizes self-regulation techniques using bio-monitoring equipment.

D. “Biofeedback stimulates certain pressure points to relax muscles": Stimulating pressure points is characteristic of acupressure or acupuncture, not biofeedback. While muscle relaxation is a goal of biofeedback, it is achieved through self-regulation and feedback, not external stimulation.

Rationale:

A. Oliguria: Clients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) often experience oliguria or significantly reduced urine output due to severe loss of nephron function. This contributes to fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and accumulation of waste products in the body.

B. Hypotension: ESKD more commonly leads to hypertension rather than hypotension because of fluid overload and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypotension may occur only during dialysis or with certain medications but is not an expected finding in untreated ESKD.

C. Edema: Fluid retention caused by decreased glomerular filtration and impaired renal excretion leads to peripheral and sometimes generalized edema. Edema is a classic sign of ESKD and indicates compromised fluid balance.

D. Anemia: Impaired kidney function reduces erythropoietin production, leading to decreased red blood cell synthesis and resultant anemia. Clients often require erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or supplemental iron to manage this complication.

E. Bradypnea: Respiratory rate is not typically decreased in ESKD. If present, bradypnea would suggest a separate neurologic or respiratory issue rather than a direct effect of kidney failure. Clients may develop Kussmaul respirations if metabolic acidosis is severe, but bradypnea is not expected.