A nurse is caring for a client who is incontinent of urine. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Rationale for correct choices:

• Yellowing of the eyes: Yellowing of the sclera indicates jaundice, which can occur with hepatotoxicity caused by isoniazid, rifampin, or pyrazinamide. These medications are metabolized by the liver and can cause liver inflammation or failure. Early recognition of jaundice is critical to prevent progression to severe hepatic injury.

• Blurred vision: Ethambutol is associated with optic neuritis, which can present as blurred vision or changes in visual acuity. This adverse effect can be irreversible if not identified early. Regular visual assessment is essential during therapy. Any report of visual changes requires immediate provider notification.

• Abdominal pain: Abdominal pain may indicate liver irritation or hepatitis related to antitubercular medications. Isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide commonly cause hepatotoxic effects. Abdominal discomfort, especially in the right upper quadrant, can signal worsening liver function. Prompt assessment helps prevent serious complications.

• Increased bruising: Increased bruising can indicate impaired liver synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatotoxicity. Rifampin and isoniazid may contribute to coagulation abnormalities. This finding suggests compromised hepatic function and increased bleeding risk.

• Increased bleeding tendency: A tendency to bleed reflects potential liver dysfunction affecting clotting factor production. Antitubercular therapy–related hepatotoxicity can lead to coagulopathy. This is a serious adverse reaction requiring immediate evaluation. Early detection reduces the risk of hemorrhage.

• Darkening of the urine: Dark urine can be a sign of elevated bilirubin levels from liver injury. Rifampin may also discolor urine, but when combined with other hepatic symptoms, it raises concern for hepatotoxicity. Monitoring urine color helps differentiate benign effects from serious complications. This finding warrants further liver assessment.

Rationale for incorrect choices:

• Dry eyes: Dry eyes are not associated with serious adverse reactions to tuberculosis medications. This finding does not indicate optic nerve involvement or liver toxicity. It is related to environmental or minor irritative causes.

• Weight gain: Weight gain is not a known adverse effect of first-line tuberculosis medications. In fact, weight loss is more common due to infection and medication side effects. This finding does not indicate toxicity.

• Insomnia: Although sleep disturbances may occur with illness or stress, insomnia is not a serious adverse reaction related to the prescribed medications. It does not signal organ toxicity. Other findings are more clinically significant.

• Urinary frequency: Urinary frequency is not associated with antitubercular medication toxicity. Genitourinary adverse effects typically involve urine discoloration rather than changes in frequency. This finding does not suggest a serious reaction.

A. Social worker: Social workers can assist clients who have difficulty with transportation by coordinating community resources, arranging rides, or providing access to transportation services. This ensures the client can safely attend follow-up appointments without compromising independence or safety.

B. Primary care provider: The primary care provider manages overall health and follow-up care but does not typically coordinate transportation services for clients.

C. Physical therapist: Physical therapists focus on improving mobility, strength, and balance, which may indirectly support functional independence, but they do not coordinate transportation.

D. Occupational therapist: Occupational therapists help clients maintain or regain functional skills for daily activities, including driving skills, but arranging transportation to appointments falls under social work support rather than therapy interventions.