A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing anaphylactic shock in response to the administration of penicillin. Which of the following medications should the nurse administer first?

A. Severe blood loss actually decreases blood volume, which leads to decreased cardiac output and ultimately lower MAP.
B. While it's true that the body initially responds to blood loss by vasoconstricting to maintain blood pressure, this compensatory mechanism can only last for so long. As blood loss continues, MAP will decrease.
C. There is no direct correlation to MAP. MAP is directly influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Blood volume is a major determinant of both.
D. A decrease in blood volume leads to decreased preload, which reduces cardiac output. This, in turn, lowers MAP.

Cognitive Function

• Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease can be relatively preserved early on, though some patients may develop cognitive impairment or dementia in later stages.
• Cognitive function can be significantly affected depending on the location and extent of brain damage. Sudden changes in cognition, such as confusion or difficulty forming words, are common in the acute phase following a stroke.
• Cognitive impairment is possible and can vary widely among patients. It is usually more subtle and may include difficulties with concentration and memory rather than dramatic changes.

Speech

• Speech abnormalities are common, such as reduced volume (hypophonia), monotone voice, and difficulty articulating words (dysarthria).
• Speech difficulties, including aphasia or dysarthria, are common, especially if the stroke affects the language centers of the brain.
• Speech problems can include slurred speech (dysarthria) and difficulty with articulation due to muscle weakness or coordination issues.

Mobility Status

• Characterized by bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and tremors. Mobility issues are common, with patients often using assistive devices as the disease progresses.

• Mobility issues vary widely based on the affected brain areas. Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis) and difficulty with gait and balance are common.
• Mobility issues can include weakness, spasticity, and coordination problems. Gait disturbances are common, and assistive devices may be used as the disease progresses.

Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure can vary but is not directly influenced by Parkinson's disease.

• High blood pressure is often a risk factor for stroke and can be present in both the acute phase and later stages.
• Blood pressure abnormalities are not a primary feature of MS, although secondary complications can affect it.

Facial Symmetry

• Parkinson's Disease is characterized by a reduced range of facial expressions (masked face) due to bradykinesia and rigidity, but typically no acute facial droop.

• Facial droop on one side is a common symptom, especially if the stroke affects the facial nerve area or motor control areas.
• Facial weakness or asymmetry can occur, but is less common compared to stroke.