A nurse is caring for a client who has diabetic ketoacidosis (DK
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Metabolic alkalosis is a condition characterized by an elevated pH in body tissues, typically due to an excess of bicarbonate or a loss of hydrogen ions. This condition is not associated with Kussmaul breathing. Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often seen in patients with metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis. In metabolic alkalosis, the body does not need to expel excess acid through rapid breathing, so Kussmaul respirations are not observed.
Choice B reason: Metabolic acidosis is a condition where there is an excess of acid in the body due to the accumulation of acid or the loss of bicarbonate. This condition is commonly seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), where the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to acidosis. Kussmaul breathing is a compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis, where the body attempts to reduce the acid level by expelling carbon dioxide through rapid, deep breaths. This type of breathing helps to lower the blood’s acidity by reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is an acid.
Choice C reason: Respiratory alkalosis is a condition where there is a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood due to excessive breathing or hyperventilation. This condition leads to an increase in blood pH, making it more alkaline. Kussmaul breathing is not associated with respiratory alkalosis because it is a response to metabolic acidosis, not a condition where the body is already expelling too much carbon dioxide.
Choice D reason: Respiratory acidosis is a condition where there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood due to inadequate respiration. This leads to a decrease in blood pH, making it more acidic. While respiratory acidosis involves an acidic environment, Kussmaul breathing is specifically a response to metabolic acidosis, not respiratory acidosis. In respiratory acidosis, the body would not use Kussmaul respirations as a compensatory mechanism.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Coronary arteries do not become more elastic with age. Instead, they tend to become less elastic due to the buildup of plaque, a condition known as atherosclerosis. This buildup narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow, which can lead to coronary artery disease (CAD). The heart not receiving enough oxygen is a result of this narrowing, not increased elasticity.
Choice B Reason:
Coronary arteries decrease in diameter due to the buildup of plaque, which consists of fats, cholesterol, and other substances. This narrowing restricts the flow of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart muscle, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath. This is the primary mechanism behind coronary artery disease.
Choice C Reason:
This choice is essentially a repetition of Choice B and is correct for the same reasons. The narrowing of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup leads to insufficient blood flow, causing the heart muscle to receive less oxygen and nutrients.
Choice D Reason:
Manifestations of coronary artery disease are not due to the dilation of coronary arteries. Instead, they are due to the narrowing of these arteries. Increased blood flow and pressure are not typical causes of CAD symptoms. The primary issue is the restricted blood flow due to narrowed arteries.
Choice E Reason:
While it is true that the heart and coronary arteries can weaken over time, leading to poor perfusion and angina, this statement does not accurately describe the primary mechanism of coronary artery disease. The main issue in CAD is the narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup, which restricts blood flow to the heart muscle.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Thickening of the walls of the ventricles is not typically associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). This condition is more characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, making it harder for the heart to pump blood. In RCM, the walls of the ventricles are usually not thickened but become rigid due to fibrosis or infiltration, which restricts the heart’s ability to fill with blood during diastole.
Choice B reason:
Stretching of the ventricles is more commonly seen in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), not restrictive cardiomyopathy. In DCM, the heart’s ventricles become enlarged and weakened, which impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently. RCM, on the other hand, involves stiffening of the ventricular walls without significant dilation.
Choice C reason:
Thickening of the ventricular walls and septum is a hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), not restrictive cardiomyopathy. In HCM, the thickened walls can obstruct blood flow and lead to various complications. RCM is characterized by the stiffening of the ventricular walls due to fibrosis or infiltration, which restricts diastolic filling.
Choice D reason:
When the ventricular tissue becomes fibrous and fatty is the correct description of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). In RCM, the heart’s ventricles become stiff and less elastic due to fibrosis (scarring) or infiltration by abnormal substances, such as amyloid proteins. This rigidity impairs the heart’s ability to fill properly during diastole, leading to symptoms of heart failure
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