A nurse is caring for a client who has been brought into an emergency department of a large hospital. The client's family state that the client "took some kind of drugs." The client is dizzy, has recently vomited, and is experiencing paranoia, yelling, "Stay away from me! You are going to kill me!" The client alternates yelling with mumbling and gesturing. Their eyes are darting back and forth as they are talking to the wall. The nurse should suspect the client has used which of the following substances?

Anabolic steroids

Opioids

Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

D. The client's symptoms, including paranoia, perceptual disturbances (such as seeing things that aren't there), erratic behavior, and disorientation, are consistent with the effects of hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes.

A. Anabolic steroids are synthetic variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are primarily used to promote muscle growth and enhance athletic performance.

B Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription pain relievers, such as oxycodone and morphine, as well as illegal drugs like heroin.

C. Stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can cause symptoms such as paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations, particularly at high doses or with chronic use. However, the client's symptoms of darting eyes, paranoia, yelling, mumbling, and gesturing are more suggestive of hallucinogen use rather than stimulant use.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B In Alzheimer's disease, cortical thinning typically begins in the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain, areas associated with memory, language, and higher cognitive functions. As the disease progresses, cortical thinning may extend to other regions of the brain, contributing to the worsening cognitive decline seen in affected individuals.

A. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can result in various structural and functional changes in the brain, including cortical atrophy, but cortical thinning is not a specific hallmark of HIV infection-related dementia.

C. Prion diseases can lead to spongiform changes and neuronal loss in the brain, but cortical thinning is not typically described as a characteristic feature.

D. Chronic substance abuse, particularly alcohol and certain drugs, can lead to structural and functional changes in the brain, including cortical atrophy. However, cortical thinning is not specific to substance use disorder-related dementia and can occur in various other neurological conditions as well.

A. A. change in personality B. Used cannabis as teenager. C. Age of 50 years D. Family member mirrors client behaviors of psychosis

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Late-onset schizophrenia typically presents with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and social withdrawal. However, this does not differentiate it from typical schizophrenia.

B. Substance use, including cannabis use, is a known risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, particularly in individuals who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. However, cannabis use as a teenager alone does not necessarily indicate late-onset schizophrenia.

C. Paraphrenia or late onset schizophrenia generally occurs later in life and symptoms persist and intensify as the client ages. Schizophrenia is rarely diagnosed after the age of 40 and is considered late onset if diagnosed after the age of 40.

D. Family history of psychosis or schizophrenia is a significant risk factor for developing schizophrenia, including late-onset schizophrenia. However, having a family member who mirrors the client's behaviors of psychosis is not a specific finding indicative of late-onset schizophrenia.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is reviewing a client's MRI results that show cortical thinning. The nurse should identify that this finding is evident in which of the following types of dementia?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a 50-year-old client who is being evaluated for late-onset schizophrenia. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who is taking fluphenazine and is experiencing tardive dyskinesia. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate the provider to prescribe for this client?

A nurse is caring for a client who was admitted for alcohol detoxification. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect to observe that indicate the client is experiencing alcohol withdrawal?

A nurse is caring for a client who has asthma and allergies. The client asks the nurse about environmental influences they should avoid. The nurse should inform the client to avoid which of the following?

A nurse is caring for an adolescent client who was sexually assaulted. The client is having difficulty remembering events related to the assault. Which of the following is the client likely experiencing?

A nurse is evaluating the social profile of a new adolescent client at a community health clinic. Which of the following actions by the client is the priority for the nurse to address?

A nurse is caring for a client who has been brought to the emergency department and is experiencing acute fentanyl toxicity. The nurse should expect to observe which of the following adverse effects in this client?

A nurse is interviewing a client who states, "I am at a total loss and don't know what to do anymore. I feel hopeless." Which of the following responses should the nurse make?