A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about physiological changes that occur during sleep. The nurse should include that which of the following changes occur during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?

Choice A reason : Identity refers to how individuals perceive themselves, including their beliefs, qualities, and expressions. It is the understanding of oneself as a distinct individual. In the context of the client's situation, while stress can impact one's sense of identity, the primary issue described does not directly relate to the client's identity but rather to their ability to fulfill expected roles.

Choice B reason : Role performance stressors arise when individuals feel they cannot meet the expectations associated with their social or work roles. In this case, the client is stressed due to the difficulty in balancing work responsibilities with the demands of caring for an ill family member. This indicates a conflict in role performance, as the client struggles to adequately fulfill the roles of both employee and caregiver.

Choice C reason : Body image pertains to one's perception of the physical self and the feelings associated with this perception. It includes how individuals view their own body and how they believe others perceive it. The client's stress does not stem from concerns about body image but from the pressures of their responsibilities.

Choice D reason : Self-esteem is the value one places on oneself, encompassing feelings of worthiness or unworthiness. It is influenced by various factors, including personal achievements and recognition from others. Although self-esteem can be affected by stress, the scenario provided specifically highlights the client's stress related to role fulfillment, not their self-worth.

Choice A reason : Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage. It is not typically related to flashbacks or stress-related disorders.

Choice B reason : Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by a terrifying event, either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. The client's experience of flashbacks is a characteristic symptom of PTSD.

Choice C reason : Acute stress disorder (ASD).ASD is characterized by the development of severe anxiety, dissociation, and other symptoms that occur within one month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor. As the client reports flashbacks of an event from a year ago, ASD would not be the correct diagnosis due to the time frame.

Choice D reason : Episodic acute stress.Episodic acute stress refers to frequent episodes of acute stress, not necessarily related to flashbacks or a specific traumatic event. It is more about the reaction to the demands of life and is not characterized by flashbacks of a traumatic event.