A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Freud's psychosexual stages. The nurse should reinforce that fixation at the oral stage of development can lead to which of the following conditions?

Choice A reason : Provide limited explanations of procedures needed for the client.Providing limited explanations of procedures can increase anxiety and discomfort for clients, especially those facing a new cancer diagnosis. It is important to give comprehensive information to help them understand their condition and the treatments they will undergo.

Choice B reason : Provide honest answers to the client's questions.Providing honest answers to the client's questions is crucial in promoting comfort and trust. It allows the client to make informed decisions about their care and helps them to prepare mentally and emotionally for the treatments and their potential outcomes.

Choice C reason : Avoid eye contact with the client during care.Avoiding eye contact can make the client feel isolated and unimportant. Maintaining eye contact is a non-verbal way of showing respect, concern, and willingness to engage with the client.

Choice D reason : Avoid giving the client choices regarding their care.Avoiding giving choices can lead to a feeling of loss of control, which can be distressing for clients. It is important to involve clients in decisions about their care to promote their autonomy and comfort.

Choice A reason : The "Good boy-nice girl" orientation is part of Kohlberg's Conventional level of moral development. In this stage, individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain relationships and gain approval from others. They make decisions based on what will please others and show concern for others by being "nice." This stage does not typically involve challenging rules but rather adhering to them to maintain social harmony⁴.

Choice B reason : The "Punishment and obedience" orientation is the first stage of Kohlberg's Preconventional level. Here, the focus is on direct consequences to the individual : actions are judged as good if they help avoid punishment. This stage is characterized by a literal obedience to rules and authority to avoid negative consequences, not by challenging them⁴.

Choice C reason : The "Law and order" orientation is the fourth stage, also within the Conventional level. In this stage, individuals are oriented to abiding by the law and respecting authority. They believe in maintaining the social order by following rules and laws. Challenging rules is not a characteristic of this stage; instead, there is a focus on upholding laws as they are⁴.

Choice D reason : The "Social contract" orientation is part of the Postconventional level of moral development, specifically the fifth stage. Individuals in this stage believe that rules and laws are flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. They can argue for the legality or principle behind the rule and may challenge rules that infringe on the rights of individuals. They understand that laws are created by people and can be changed by them. This stage involves the recognition that individual rights sometimes need to be upheld over and above the law⁴.