A nurse is assessing the breath sounds of a newborn. Which sound is an expected finding for this developmental level?

Bruits

Crackles

Wheezing

Stridor

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Stridor is a high-pitched, inspiratory sound that indicates partial obstruction of the upper airway. It is a common finding in newborns and can occur due to the presence of mucus, ﬂuid, or a small airway that has not yet fully developed. It is important to note that while stridor is an expected finding in newborns, it should still be assessed and monitored closely by healthcare professionals.

Bruits are abnormal sounds heard over blood vessels and are not related to breath sounds. Crackles are a series of brief, discontinuous, nonmusical sounds heard during inspiration or expiration, indicating ﬂuid in the lungs. Wheezing is a high-pitched, musical sound heard during expiration and can indicate the narrowing of the airways. These sounds are not typically expected in the breath sounds of a newborn.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Respiratory acidosis.

COPD is a chronic lung disease that can lead to an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body. This can cause respiratory acidosis, a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal due to an excess of CO2.

In respiratory acidosis, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the blood is increased and the pH is decreased. The kidneys atempt to compensate for the acidosis by excreting more acid in the urine and retaining more bicarbonate, but this compensation is usually not enough to fully correct the problem.

Metabolic alkalosis (option B) is a condition in which the blood pH is higher than normal due to an excess of bicarbonate in the blood. This is usually caused by loss of acid from the body, such as through vomiting or use of diuretics.

Respiratory alkalosis (option C) is a condition in which the blood pH is higher than normal due to a decrease in PaCO2. This can be caused by hyperventilation, which leads to excessive elimination of CO2 from the lungs.

Metabolic acidosis (option D) is a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal due to an excess of acid in the blood. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including kidney failure or lactic acidosis.

A. Patient will exchange cigaretes for vaping in 5 days B. Patient will stop smoking cigaretes within 7 days C. Patient will smoke only a few cigaretes each day D. Patient will not smoke cigaretes while wearing oxygen

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This outcome is the most appropriate because smoking can worsen COPD and lead to further respiratory complications, while oxygen is often used to help patients with COPD breathe more easily. Smoking while wearing oxygen can be very dangerous and increases the risk of fire and explosion. Therefore, the best expected outcome is for the patient to completely avoid smoking while wearing oxygen.

Option a is not a recommended solution since vaping may also worsen COPD symptoms and there is limited evidence of its safety in people with respiratory conditions. Option b is a good outcome, but it may not be achievable in such a short time frame. Option c is not an ideal outcome as even a few cigaretes can cause harm to the respiratory system, exacerbate symptoms, and slow down the healing process.

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A nurse is assessing the breath sounds of a newborn. Which sound is an expected finding for this developmental level?

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