A nurse is assessing a patient with hypokalemia, she notes that the patient's handgrip strength has diminished since the previous assessment 1 hour ago. What action does the nurse take first?

Assess the patient’s respiratory rate, rhythm, depth

Call the healthcare provider

Document findings and monitor the patient

Measure the patient’s pulse and blood pressure

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Assess the patient’s respiratory rate, rhythm, depth:

This is the correct action to take first. Hypokalemia can lead to respiratory muscle weakness, which can result in respiratory compromise or failure. Assessing the patient's respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth will help determine if there are any signs of respiratory distress or impending respiratory failure.

B. Call the healthcare provider:

While it's important to involve the healthcare provider, especially if there is a significant change in the patient's condition, assessing the patient's immediate respiratory status takes priority to ensure prompt intervention if respiratory distress is present.

C. Document findings and monitor the patient:

Documenting findings and ongoing monitoring are essential steps, but they come after addressing the patient's immediate needs, such as assessing respiratory status in this case.

D. Measure the patient’s pulse and blood pressure:

While vital signs are important, they may not immediately address the potential respiratory compromise associated with hypokalemia-induced muscle weakness. Assessing respiratory status is more directly relevant to the observed change in handgrip strength.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a person with emphysema:

In DKA, there is typically metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH. However, the respiratory compensation mechanism in DKA usually results in a decreased PaCO2 (respiratory alkalosis) rather than an elevated PaCO2 as seen in the blood gas values provided. Additionally, emphysema is associated with chronic respiratory acidosis, not respiratory alkalosis as indicated by the elevated PaCO2.

B. Diarrhea for 36 hours in an older, frail woman:

Prolonged diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis due to the loss of bicarbonate through the gastrointestinal tract. The pH of 7.12 and the decreased HCO3- (22 mEq/L) suggest metabolic acidosis. However, the elevated PaCO2 (respiratory acidosis) is not consistent with pure metabolic acidosis caused by diarrhea. Respiratory acidosis typically occurs due to hypoventilation or respiratory dysfunction.

C. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation in an adolescent:

Anxiety-induced hyperventilation can lead to respiratory alkalosis due to excessive blowing off of CO2, resulting in a decrease in PaCO2. The pH of 7.12 is consistent with acidosis, but the elevated PaCO2 contradicts respiratory alkalosis. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation would typically result in a higher pH and lower PaCO2.

D. Bronchial obstruction related to aspiration of a hot dog:

A bronchial obstruction causing inadequate ventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention. The pH of 7.12 and the elevated PaCO2 (65 mm Hg) indicate respiratory acidosis. This situation is consistent with the blood gas values provided.

A. Cluster of oral herpes sores B. Abdominal surgical incision C. Diabetic foot ulcer D. Posterior scalp wound

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Cluster of oral herpes sores: Oral herpes sores typically heal within a few weeks and do not generally become chronic wounds unless there are complications or underlying immune system issues. They are more acute in nature and tend to resolve without becoming chronic.

B. Abdominal surgical incision: Surgical incisions are designed to heal within a specific timeframe, usually a few weeks to a couple of months, depending on the type of surgery and individual healing factors. While surgical wounds can sometimes have delayed healing or complications, they are not typically categorized as chronic wounds unless they fail to heal or become recurrent over an extended period.

C. Diabetic foot ulcer: Diabetic foot ulcers are highly prone to becoming chronic wounds due to the underlying pathology associated with diabetes, such as neuropathy (nerve damage), peripheral vascular disease (poor circulation), and impaired immune function. These factors can impair the normal healing process, leading to delayed healing, infection, and the potential for the wound to become chronic if not managed appropriately.

D. Posterior scalp wound: Scalp wounds can heal relatively quickly, especially with proper wound care and management. However, certain factors such as the size of the wound, depth, presence of infection, and underlying conditions can influence the likelihood of a scalp wound becoming chronic. In general, scalp wounds are less likely to become chronic compared to wounds in areas with higher risk factors, such as diabetic foot ulcers.

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A nurse is assessing a patient with hypokalemia, she notes that the patient's handgrip strength has diminished since the previous assessment 1 hour ago. What action does the nurse take first?

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