A nurse is assessing a client with a history of substance abuse. Which substance is known to increase the risk of developing pulmonary edema when used excessively?

A) Incorrect. Atrial contraction contributes to ventricular filling but is not typically the primary site of impairment in heart failure leading to pulmonary edema.

B) Incorrect. Ventricular relaxation (diastole) is necessary for ventricular filling, but the impaired contraction during systole is a more common issue in heart failure.

C) Correct. Impaired ventricular contraction (systole) in heart failure results in reduced forward flow of blood and leads to fluid backup in the lungs, contributing to pulmonary edema.

D) Incorrect. Electrical conduction in the heart may affect heart rhythm but is not directly related to the development of pulmonary edema.

A) Incorrect. The supine position with legs elevated is not recommended for clients with pulmonary edema, as it can worsen fluid retention.

B) Correct. High Fowler's position allows for optimal lung expansion and improved gas exchange in clients with pulmonary edema.

C) Incorrect. The left lateral recumbent position may be used in some cases, but it is not the primary position for managing pulmonary edema.

D) Incorrect. The prone position is not typically recommended for clients with pulmonary edema.