A nurse is assessing a client who has chronic kidney disease and notes that the client has small crystals on his forehead. The nurse understands that this manifestation is a result of an excess of which substance in the body?

Potassium

Sodium

Urea

Creatinine

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A.   Elevated potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can occur in chronic kidney disease, as the kidneys struggle to excrete potassium. However, hyperkalemia does not typically cause visible crystals on the skin. It is more associated with cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness rather than skin manifestations.
B.   Sodium imbalance is common in chronic kidney disease, often leading to fluid retention and hypertension. However, excess sodium does not result in crystal formation on the skin. Sodium issues are more related to fluid balance and blood pressure, not external crystalline deposits.
C.   Urea is a waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins and is normally excreted by the kidneys. In chronic kidney disease, urea accumulates in the blood (uremia) because the kidneys cannot effectively filter it out. Urea can be deposited on the skin and form crystals, leading to a condition known as "uremic frost." This is often observed on the forehead or other areas of the skin and is a direct result of excess urea in the body.

D.   Creatinine is another waste product filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels indicate impaired kidney function, but creatinine itself does not form visible crystals on the skin. Elevated creatinine levels are primarily used as an indicator of kidney function rather than a cause of external skin manifestations.

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Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Loss of peripheral vision is a hallmark sign of primary open-angle glaucoma. In POAG, increased intraocular pressure causes damage to the optic nerve, leading to a gradual loss of peripheral vision. This vision loss is often subtle and progresses slowly, making it difficult for individuals to notice until the condition is advanced.

B. Opacity of the lens is characteristic of cataracts, not glaucoma. Cataracts involve the clouding of the eye's natural lens, which leads to blurred vision and difficulties with seeing clearly, particularly in bright light. While cataracts and glaucoma can occur simultaneously, opacity of the lens is not indicative of POAG.
C. Decrease in color perception can be associated with various eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and certain types of retinal diseases. While it can occur in glaucoma as the disease progresses, it is not the primary or most characteristic sign of POAG.
D. Pain and purulent discharge are more associated with acute conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or an eye infection, rather than primary open-angle glaucoma. POAG typically presents without pain or discharge, as it is a chronic condition with a gradual onset of symptoms.

A. "This medication can cause fluid volume deficit." B. "This medication can cause significant weight loss." C. "This medication can cause you to retain sodium." D. "This medication can cause thickening of the skin."

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, is more commonly associated with fluid retention rather than fluid volume deficit. Fluid volume deficit would generally be a concern with diuretics or other medications that increase urine output. Prednisone can lead to fluid retention and edema, not a deficit.
B. Prednisone is more likely to cause weight gain rather than weight loss. Corticosteroids can increase appetite and lead to fluid retention, both of which contribute to weight gain. Significant weight loss is not a typical side effect of prednisone.
C. Prednisone and other corticosteroids can cause sodium retention, which can lead to fluid retention and hypertension. Sodium retention is a common side effect of corticosteroids, and it contributes to the fluid retention and potential weight gain associated with these medications.
D. Prednisone can cause thinning of the skin rather than thickening. Long-term use of corticosteroids can lead to skin thinning, increased bruising, and easy tearing of the skin. Thickening of the skin is not a common side effect of prednisone.

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A nurse is assessing a client who has chronic kidney disease and notes that the client has small crystals on his forehead. The nurse understands that this manifestation is a result of an excess of which substance in the body?

Nursing Test Bank

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