A nurse explains that endorphins are capable of reducing pain:

Choice A rationale:
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows the patient to administer their own pain medication within specified limits, but it doesn't reduce the workload of the nurse. The nurse is responsible for setting up and monitoring the PCA pump, educating the patient, assessing their pain, and ensuring safety. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice B rationale:
PCA does not completely eliminate pain. It provides the patient with control over their pain relief by allowing them to self-administer medication within preset limits. However, it does not guarantee the complete absence of pain. Pain relief is provided within a safe dosage range, but some level of pain may still be experienced. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice C rationale:
PCA does not eliminate the risk of adverse drug effects entirely. The nurse must monitor the patient for signs of adverse effects, such as respiratory depression or sedation. While the patient has control over medication administration, there are still risks associated with opioid analgesics. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice D rationale:
The principal advantage of using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is that it reduces patient anxiety about pain by giving the patient more control over its management. This choice is correct because PCA empowers the patient to self-administer pain medication when needed, which can lead to better pain control and reduced anxiety. The nurse sets safe dosage limits and monitors the patient, ensuring safety while providing a sense of control.

Choice A rationale:
The CPAP device should not fit loosely on the face. It should fit snugly to create a proper seal and maintain positive airway pressure. A loose-fitting CPAP mask may not effectively treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Choice B rationale:
The CPAP device typically delivers consistent pressure throughout both inhalation and exhalation. It does not deliver less pressure during exhalation. The purpose of CPAP is to maintain a constant pressure to keep the airway open during both phases of the respiratory cycle.
Choice C rationale:
The CPAP device does not require an invasive ventilation tube. It uses a mask that covers the nose or both the nose and mouth to deliver positive airway pressure. It is non-invasive and is designed to keep the airway open by delivering pressurized air.