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A nurse educator is providing an in-service to nursing staff about urinary tract infections (UTP). Which statements made by the staff validate they understand the etiology and pathophysiology of UTIs? Select all that apply.

"UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing or straining"

"UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras"

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria"

The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus."

The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra."

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,E

A. "UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing, or straining":

This statement is correct. Urethrovesical reflux can contribute to UTIs, especially in women, as it can introduce bacteria from the urethra back into the bladder.
B. "UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras":

This statement is correct. Women have shorter urethras than men, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel into the bladder, increasing the risk of UTIs.
C. "Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria":

This statement is correct. Glycosaminoglycan is a substance that lines the urinary tract and helps prevent bacterial adherence, thereby protecting against UTIs.
D. "The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus":

This statement is incorrect. The most common bacteria responsible for UTIs are Escherichia coli (E. coli), not staphylococcus.
E. "The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra":

This statement is correct. Normally, the urinary tract above the urethra is sterile, devoid of bacteria. UTIs occur when bacteria enter and multiply in the urinary system, leading to infection.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Remove heel boots:
Heel boots are often used to protect the heels from pressure ulcers. However, it's important to assess the skin regularly and remove heel boots periodically to inspect the skin underneath. Leaving them on continuously without proper inspection can cause moisture buildup, leading to skin breakdown.

B. Reposition every 3 hours
Repositioning the client every 3 hours is a crucial intervention to prevent skin breakdown, especially in individuals at risk, such as older adults. Prolonged pressure on specific areas of the body can lead to pressure ulcers or bedsores. Regular repositioning helps relieve pressure on vulnerable areas, improving circulation and reducing the risk of skin breakdown.

C. Apply cornstarch to keep the skin dry:
While it's essential to keep the skin clean and dry, using cornstarch can sometimes lead to moisture retention, especially in skin folds. Excess moisture can contribute to skin breakdown and fungal infections. Instead, proper hygiene practices and the use of moisture-wicking products are recommended.

D. Provide high protein diet:
Adequate nutrition, including a high-protein diet, is essential for overall skin health and healing. Protein is necessary for tissue repair and regeneration. While a balanced diet is crucial for overall health, it is not a specific intervention solely focused on maintaining skin integrity.

A. Sedentary lifestyle B. Long-term use of diuretics C. Prolonged stress D. Obesity

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Sedentary lifestyle - Lack of weight-bearing exercise and physical activity is a significant risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Weight-bearing exercises help maintain bone density and strength. Sedentary individuals are more prone to osteoporosis.

B. Long-term use of diuretics - Long-term use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Diuretics are not typically associated with osteoporosis risk, although some medications can affect bone health.

C. Prolonged stress - Chronic stress can have negative effects on overall health, but it is not a direct risk factor for osteoporosis.

D. Obesity - Obesity is generally considered a protective factor against osteoporosis. Individuals with higher body weight tend to have stronger bones due to the mechanical load placed on the bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

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A nurse educator is providing an in-service to nursing staff about urinary tract infections (UTP). Which statements made by the staff validate they understand the etiology and pathophysiology of UTIs? Select all that apply.

Nursing Test Bank

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Correct Answer is A

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