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A nurse educator is providing an in-service to nursing staff about urinary tract infections (UTP). Which statements made by the staff validate they understand the etiology and pathophysiology of UTIs? Select all that apply.

"UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing or straining"

"UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras"

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria"

The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus."

The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra."

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,E

A. "UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing, or straining":

This statement is correct. Urethrovesical reflux can contribute to UTIs, especially in women, as it can introduce bacteria from the urethra back into the bladder.
B. "UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras":

This statement is correct. Women have shorter urethras than men, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel into the bladder, increasing the risk of UTIs.
C. "Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria":

This statement is correct. Glycosaminoglycan is a substance that lines the urinary tract and helps prevent bacterial adherence, thereby protecting against UTIs.
D. "The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus":

This statement is incorrect. The most common bacteria responsible for UTIs are Escherichia coli (E. coli), not staphylococcus.
E. "The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra":

This statement is correct. Normally, the urinary tract above the urethra is sterile, devoid of bacteria. UTIs occur when bacteria enter and multiply in the urinary system, leading to infection.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Malignant hypothermia: This is a rare but life-threatening reaction to certain medications used during anesthesia. It doesn't typically manifest with calf edema.

B. Pulmonary embolism: While pulmonary embolism can occur as a complication in some cases, it is characterized by symptoms like sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and may not directly cause calf edema.

C. Acute compartment syndrome
Increasing edema in the calf of a client with multiple fractures of the leg is a manifestation of acute compartment syndrome. Acute compartment syndrome occurs when there is increased pressure within a muscle compartment, which can lead to reduced blood flow, nerve damage, and tissue hypoxia. The edema and increased pressure can compress blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue within the compartment, resulting in symptoms such as severe pain, edema, and potential vascular compromise.

D. Fat embolism syndrome: This syndrome can occur in clients with long bone fractures, but it is characterized by respiratory and neurologic symptoms, not isolated calf edema.

A. "You will need to lie flat for 4 hours following the test." B. "You will need to empty your bladder before the test." C. "You will need to have an IV inserted for the IV dye needed for the scan." D. "You will need to fast for 12 hours before the test."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. There is no need for the client to lie flat for an extended period after a DEXA scan. The procedure is non-invasive and does not require immobilization.

B. Emptying the bladder before the test is essential to ensure a clear and accurate scan of the pelvis and lower spine. A full bladder might obstruct the view and affect the accuracy of the results.

C. DEXA scans do not typically require the use of IV dye. It is a simple X-ray procedure that measures bone density, and no contrast material is usually needed.

D. Fasting is not necessary for a DEXA scan. The procedure does not involve ingesting or injecting any substances that require fasting.

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A nurse educator is providing an in-service to nursing staff about urinary tract infections (UTP). Which statements made by the staff validate they understand the etiology and pathophysiology of UTIs? Select all that apply.

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse notes increasing edema in the calf of a client who has multiple fractures of the leg. The nurse should recognize that increasing edema is a manifestation of which of the following complications?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a client who is scheduled for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to screen for osteoporosis. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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