A nurse educator is providing an in-service to nursing staff about urinary tract infections (UTP). Which statements made by the staff validate they understand the etiology and pathophysiology of UTIs? Select all that apply.
"UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing or straining"
"UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras"
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria"
The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus."
The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra."
Correct Answer : A,B,C,E
A. "UTI’s can be caused by urethrovesical reflux which is the backward flow of urine from the urethra to the bladder after coughing, sneezing, or straining":
This statement is correct. Urethrovesical reflux can contribute to UTIs, especially in women, as it can introduce bacteria from the urethra back into the bladder.
B. "UTI’s are more common in women due to their longer urethras":
This statement is correct. Women have shorter urethras than men, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel into the bladder, increasing the risk of UTIs.
C. "Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a protein in the urinary tract that exerts a nonadherent protective effect against various bacteria":
This statement is correct. Glycosaminoglycan is a substance that lines the urinary tract and helps prevent bacterial adherence, thereby protecting against UTIs.
D. "The organism most often responsible for UTI's in older adults is staphylococcus":
This statement is incorrect. The most common bacteria responsible for UTIs are Escherichia coli (E. coli), not staphylococcus.
E. "The normal urinary tract is sterile above the urethra":
This statement is correct. Normally, the urinary tract above the urethra is sterile, devoid of bacteria. UTIs occur when bacteria enter and multiply in the urinary system, leading to infection.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["250"]
Explanation
To calculate the infusion rate, you first need to determine the total volume to be infused and the total time over which the infusion will occur.
Three 1L bags need to be infused over 12 hours.
Total volume = 3 bags * 1000 mL/bag = 3000 mL
Total time = 12 hours
Now, to find the rate in milliliters per hour (mL/h), divide the total volume by the total time:
Infusion rate = Total volume / Total time
Infusion rate = 3000 mL / 12 hours = 250 mL/h
Correct Answer is ["500"]
Explanation
To calculate the infusion rate in ml/hr for a 500 ml bolus to be administered over 1 hour, you can simply set the pump to deliver the entire volume in the specified time:
500 ml / 1 hour = 500 ml/hr
So, the pump should be set at 500 ml/hr to administer the 500 ml bolus over 1 hour.
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