A client has been administered lactulose for several days. Which therapeutic response should the nurse expect for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?
Ability to ambulate independently.
Improved mental status.
Reduction in number of liquid stools.
Increase in urine output.
The Correct Answer is B
B. Lactulose works by reducing serum ammonia levels through the promotion of ammonia excretion in the feces, leading to improved cognitive function and mental status in individuals with hepatic encephalopathy.
A. Ability to ambulate independently is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.
C. Lactulose is a laxative and often causes an increase in the number of stools, but the consistency of stools may become softer rather than completely liquid.
D. Increase in urine output is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
C. This technique, known as pursed lip breathing, can help improve gas exchange by slowing down the respiratory rate, promoting more efficient exhalation, and reducing air trapping in the lungs.
A. While raising the hands above the head can help expand the chest and improve lung expansion to some extent, it may not be as effective as pursed lip breathing in improving gas exchange or alleviating dyspnea.
B. Increasing the breathing rate for a full 30 seconds may not be beneficial and could potentially worsen dyspnea, especially in individuals with emphysema or other respiratory conditions.
D. While changing positions and focusing on diaphragmatic breathing can be helpful techniques in managing dyspnea, lying down on each side with knees bent may not be practical for a client who is ambulatory and experiencing mild dyspnea after ambulation.
To assess the quality of an adult client's pain, which approach should the nurse use?
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
C. Type I hypersensitivity reactions, also known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions, involve the production of IgE antibodies in response to an allergen. In this case, the bee sting likely triggered an IgE-mediated immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine. The client's symptoms of body rash, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and hypotension are characteristic of anaphylaxis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening manifestation of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
A.. Type II hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system targets antigens on the body's own cells, leading to cell destruction or dysfunction.
B. Autoimmune responses involve the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
D. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of T cells and the release of cytokines, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. Examples include delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatitis or tuberculin skin testing reactions.
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