A client has been administered lactulose for several days. Which therapeutic response should the nurse expect for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?

Ability to ambulate independently.

Improved mental status.

Reduction in number of liquid stools.

Increase in urine output.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

B. Lactulose works by reducing serum ammonia levels through the promotion of ammonia excretion in the feces, leading to improved cognitive function and mental status in individuals with hepatic encephalopathy.

A. Ability to ambulate independently is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.

C. Lactulose is a laxative and often causes an increase in the number of stools, but the consistency of stools may become softer rather than completely liquid.

D. Increase in urine output is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Raising the voice volume to a shout can be startling for the client and may come across as aggressive or disrespectful.
B. Exaggerating nonverbal expressions might not effectively address the client's difficulty in hearing. While nonverbal communication is essential, especially for older adults with hearing impairments, exaggerating gestures may not necessarily improve communication clarity.
C. Speaking more slowly can help the client better understand what is being said without the nurse needing to shout, which might cause discomfort or further confusion.
D.Over-enunciating or exaggerating expressions can appear patronizing, and shouting can be distressing.

A. Hematemesis B. Brown, foarmy urine. C. Clay-colored stool. D. Anorexia.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A Hematemesis refers to vomiting blood, which can occur when esophageal varices rupture and bleed into the gastrointestinal tract. It is a hallmark sign of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and requires immediate medical attention. Monitoring for hematemesis allows for early detection of variceal bleeding and prompt intervention to prevent further complications.

B Brown, foamy urine may indicate the presence of blood or protein in the urine, which can occur in various kidney and urinary tract disorders.

C Clay-colored stool may indicate a lack of bile in the stool, which can occur in conditions affecting the liver or bile ducts, such as obstructive jaundice.

D Anorexia, or loss of appetite, is a common symptom in clients with chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis. However, while anorexia may impact nutritional status and overall health, it is not directly related to the complications of esophageal varices.

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A client has been administered lactulose for several days. Which therapeutic response should the nurse expect for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?

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