A 72-year-old patient with a history of chronic hypertension is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to contrast-induced nephropathy. Which clinical finding would most likely be present in this patient?

Decreased blood pressure

Metabolic acidosis

Hypocalcemia

Increased urine specific gravity

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   Decreased blood pressure is not typically associated with contrast-induced nephropathy. In fact, patients may present with normal or elevated blood pressure, especially in those with a history of chronic hypertension.
B.   Metabolic acidosis is a common complication of acute kidney injury (AKI), including contrast-induced nephropathy. As kidney function declines, the kidneys' ability to excrete acids diminishes, leading to the accumulation of acids in the blood and resulting in metabolic acidosis.
C.   Hypocalcemia is not a common feature of contrast-induced nephropathy. While AKI can cause disturbances in calcium and phosphate balance, hypocalcemia is not typically a predominant finding.
D.   Increased urine specific gravity may not be a significant finding in contrast-induced nephropathy. This condition generally leads to impaired kidney function, which may present with urine output changes, but urine specific gravity can vary depending on the stage of AKI.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Flushing the NG tube with 60 mL of water before feeding is not sufficient to reduce aspiration risk.
B. Administering the feeding with the patient lying flat increases the risk of aspiration and should be avoided.
C. Increasing the feeding rate could cause discomfort and increase the risk of aspiration if the stomach becomes overdistended.
D. Positioning the patient in a semi-Fowler's position (head of the bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees) reduces the risk of aspiration during and after feeding.

A. Genetics B. Environmental factors C. Upper respiratory infections D. Autoimmune factors E. Urinary tract infections

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]

Explanation

A. Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Having a family history of MS increases the risk, suggesting a hereditary component to the condition.
B. Environmental factors, such as living in areas with low sunlight or viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus, have been linked to a higher incidence of MS, suggesting environmental triggers may contribute to disease onset.
C. Upper respiratory infections are not directly associated with the development of multiple sclerosis. While infections may trigger MS flare-ups, they are not primary contributors to its development.
D. Autoimmune factors are central to the pathophysiology of MS, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the central nervous system, causing the characteristic lesions and nerve damage seen in MS.
E. Urinary tract infections are common complications in individuals with MS, but they do not contribute to the disease's development itself.

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A 72-year-old patient with a history of chronic hypertension is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to contrast-induced nephropathy. Which clinical finding would most likely be present in this patient?

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