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A-55-year old male patient is admitted with a massive GI bleed. The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury?

refer to a condition where significant urinary tract obstruction which in severe or long- standing cases can yield to backup of urine into the kidneys

refer to a condition when direct damage to the kidneys causes a sudden loss in kidney function.

refer to a condition in which the kidneys stop functioning due to internal kidney disease.

refer to a condition in which kidney blood flow may become significantly reduced include those in which a significant amount of fluid has been lost.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A rationale: This refers to postrenal AKI, which is caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine from leaving the body.

Choice B rationale: This refers to AKI in general and is not specific compared to choice D.

Choice C rationale: This refers to intrinsic AKI, which is caused by damage to the kidney tissue or cells from various causes, such as inflammation, infection, toxins, or ischemia.

Choice D rationale: This is correct because it is pre-renal AKI, a condition in which kidney blood flow may become significantly reduced, including cases where a significant amount of fluid has been lost. This situation suggests potential hypovolemia (low blood volume) due to the massive GI bleed, which can lead to reduced kidney blood flow and subsequent acute kidney injury.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A rationale: Metformin does not significantly affect insulin release from the pancreas or glucagon secretion but reduces glucose production by the liver and enhances insulin sensitivity in tissues.

Choice B rationale: Metformin primarily works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving the body's response to insulin, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.

Choice C rationale: Metformin does not notably slow carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine.

Choice D rationale: Metformin does not directly increase insulin production from the pancreas.

A. Fracture/immobilized the extremity B. Contracture / obtain a prescription for acetaminophen C. Sprain/ raise the leg D. Dislocation/apply heat to the area

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale: Considering the mechanism of injury, pain severity, tenderness, swelling, and ecchymosis, there is a high suspicion of a fracture. Immobilization is essential to prevent further injury and reduce pain.

Choice B rationale: Contracture is less likely in this acute injury scenario. Acetaminophen might manage pain, but it doesn't address the risk factor.

Choice C rationale: A sprain is less likely given the severity of pain and the mechanism of injury. Raising the leg doesn't address the risk of a suspected fracture.

Choice D rationale: Dislocation doesn't align with the reported symptoms. Applying heat could potentially worsen inflammation.

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A-55-year old male patient is admitted with a massive GI bleed. The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury?

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