Which technique should the nurse use when assessing the client for early signs of rheumatoid arthritis?

Choice A rationale:

Tiotropium is a long-acting bronchodilator, not a rescue inhaler for sudden shortness of breath.

It takes several hours to reach its full effect and is not designed to provide immediate relief during acute symptoms.

Using tiotropium for sudden shortness of breath could delay the use of a more appropriate rescue medication, potentially worsening the situation.

Choice B rationale:

While tiotropium can help reduce mucus production and make secretions easier to clear, this is not its primary mechanism of action.

The client's statement focuses on a potential side effect rather than demonstrating a clear understanding of the medication's intended purpose.

Choice C rationale:

The frequency of inhaler use depends on the specific medications prescribed. Some inhalers are used daily, while others are used only as needed for symptoms.

It's essential to follow the healthcare provider's instructions for each inhaler to ensure proper use and avoid potential drug interactions.

Choice D rationale:

This statement correctly reflects the appropriate use of tiotropium.

It's typically taken once daily via a handihaler device to maintain open airways and prevent COPD symptoms. Regular daily use is crucial for optimal effectiveness.

Choice A rationale:

Lactulose directly addresses the primary cause of hepatic encephalopathy, which is the accumulation of ammonia in the blood. Ammonia is a neurotoxin that can impair brain function, leading to confusion, lethargy, and even coma. Lactulose works by trapping ammonia in the colon, where it can be safely excreted in the stool. This decrease in ammonia levels in the blood allows for the improvement of mental status.

Studies have consistently shown that lactulose therapy can significantly improve mental function in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. This improvement is often seen within a few days of starting treatment.

The nurse should assess the client's mental status regularly to monitor for improvement. This assessment should include evaluating the client's level of consciousness, orientation, attention, memory, and speech.

Improved mental status is a critical therapeutic goal in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. It allows patients to regain their independence and participate more fully in their care.

Choice B rationale:

While lactulose can cause diarrhea, which may lead to a slight increase in urine output, this is not the primary therapeutic response that the nurse should expect.

The increase in urine output is typically secondary to the diarrhea and does not directly reflect a reduction in ammonia levels or improvement in mental status.

Choice C rationale:

Lactulose does cause diarrhea, which is a common side effect of the medication.

However, the goal of lactulose therapy is not to reduce the number of liquid stools but rather to trap ammonia in the colon and promote its excretion.

The nurse should monitor the client's stool frequency and consistency to ensure that they are not experiencing excessive diarrhea, which could lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Choice D rationale:

While improved mental status may eventually lead to improved mobility, it is not the most immediate or direct therapeutic response that the nurse should expect from lactulose therapy.

The ability to ambulate independently is more likely to be a long-term goal of treatment, rather than an immediate response to lactulose.