Which structural defects constitute tetralogy of Fallot?

The correct answer is choice A. Wearing cotton underpants.

Choice A rationale:

Wearing cotton underpants is the recommended option to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young girls. Cotton underpants allow better air circulation, which helps to keep the perineal area dry. This reduces the growth of bacteria and prevents moisture buildup, which are crucial in preventing UTIs. Synthetic fabrics can trap moisture and create a conducive environment for bacterial growth, increasing the risk of UTIs.

Choice B rationale:

Limiting bathing as much as possible is not an appropriate recommendation for preventing UTIs. Hygiene is essential to prevent UTIs, and regular bathing is part of maintaining cleanliness. Overly limiting bathing can lead to poor hygiene practices and may not significantly prevent UTIs, as they are often caused by factors beyond bathing frequency.

Choice C rationale:

Increasing fluids and decreasing salt intake can be beneficial for overall health but may not directly prevent UTIs. While staying hydrated is important for maintaining urinary health, simply increasing fluids and reducing salt intake might not be sufficient to prevent UTIs. Hygiene practices and proper perineal care play a more significant role in preventing UTIs.

Choice D rationale:

Cleansing the perineum with water after voiding is a good hygiene practice, but it alone may not be enough to prevent UTIs. While maintaining cleanliness is crucial, using water to cleanse the perineum after voiding should be combined with other practices, such as wearing cotton underpants and proper wiping techniques, to effectively prevent UTIs.

The correct answer is Choice C: Epispadias.

Choice A rationale:

Chordee is not the correct term to identify when the meatal opening is located on the dorsal surface of the penis. Chordee refers to the downward curvature or bending of the penis, often associated with hypospadias or other congenital conditions.

Choice B rationale:

Hypospadias is not the correct term for this condition. Hypospadias refers to a congenital condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. It is not related to the meatal opening being on the dorsal surface.

Choice C rationale:

Epispadias. This is the correct choice. Epispadias is a congenital malformation where the meatal opening is located on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis. It is a rare condition and requires surgical intervention for correction.

Choice D rationale:

Phimosis is not the correct term for this condition. Phimosis refers to the tightness of the foreskin that prevents it from being pulled back over the tip of the penis. It does not relate to the positioning of the meatal opening.