Which phase of pharmacokinetics involves the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream?

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Absorption

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Distribution is not the correct term to describe the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. Distribution is the process by which a drug moves from the bloodstream to the tissues and organs of the body. Distribution depends on factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, plasma protein binding, and tissue binding. Distribution occurs after the drug has been absorbed into the bloodstream, and it determines how much drug reaches the site of action.

Choice B reason: Metabolism is not the correct term to describe the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. Metabolism is the process by which a drug is chemically transformed in the body, usually by enzymes in the liver or other tissues. Metabolism can affect the activity, duration, and elimination of a drug. Metabolism occurs after the drug has been absorbed into the bloodstream, and it can occur before or after the drug reaches the site of action.

Choice C reason: Excretion is not the correct term to describe the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. Excretion is the process by which a drug or its metabolites are eliminated from the body. Excretion can occur through various routes, such as urine, feces, sweat, or breath. Excretion occurs after the drug has been absorbed into the bloodstream, and it can occur before or after the drug reaches the site of action.

Choice D reason: Absorption is the correct term to describe the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration. Absorption depends on factors such as the route of administration, the dose, the formulation, and the bioavailability of the drug. Absorption is the first step of pharmacokinetics, and it determines how much and how fast a drug reaches the bloodstream and the site of action.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Vasoconstriction is the desired therapeutic effect of phenylephrine in this context. Phenylephrine is a medication that stimulates the alpha1 receptors on the blood vessels, causing them to constrict or narrow. This increases the resistance to blood flow and raises the blood pressure. Phenylephrine is used as a vasopressor to treat hypotension, which is a condition of low blood pressure that can cause dizziness, fainting, or organ damage. The nurse should monitor the blood pressure and the peripheral pulses of the patient after administering phenylephrine.

Choice B reason: Bronchodilation is not the desired therapeutic effect of phenylephrine in this context. Phenylephrine is a medication that stimulates the alpha1 receptors on the blood vessels, causing them to constrict or narrow. It has no effect on the beta2 receptors on the bronchial smooth muscle, which are responsible for bronchodilation or widening of the airways. Phenylephrine is not used to treat respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, that cause bronchoconstriction or narrowing of the airways. The nurse should assess the respiratory rate and the breath sounds of the patient after administering phenylephrine.

Choice C reason: Diuresis is not the desired therapeutic effect of phenylephrine in this context. Phenylephrine is a medication that stimulates the alpha1 receptors on the blood vessels, causing them to constrict or narrow. It has no effect on the kidney function or the urine output. Phenylephrine is not used to treat fluid retention or edema, which are conditions of excess fluid in the body that can cause swelling, weight gain, or heart failure. The nurse should measure the urine output and the specific gravity of the patient after administering phenylephrine.

Choice D reason: Decreased heart rate is not the desired therapeutic effect of phenylephrine in this context. Phenylephrine is a medication that stimulates the alpha1 receptors on the blood vessels, causing them to constrict or narrow. It has little or no effect on the beta1 receptors on the heart, which are responsible for increasing the heart rate and the contractility. Phenylephrine may actually cause a reflex bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate that occurs when the baroreceptors in the blood vessels sense an increase in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to lower the heart rate. Phenylephrine is not used to treat tachycardia, which is a fast heart rate that can cause palpitations, chest pain, or arrhythmias. The nurse should monitor the electrocardiogram and the heart rate of the patient after administering phenylephrine.

A. Administering the medication with meals only B. No dose adjustment is required C. Increasing the dose to ensure therapeutic effect D. Decreasing the dose to prevent toxicity

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Administering the medication with meals only is not a valid adjustment for a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. The food intake does not affect the renal clearance of the drug, unless it alters the pH of the urine or the blood flow to the kidneys. The nurse should follow the instructions on the medication label or the prescriber's order regarding the timing of the administration.

Choice B reason: No dose adjustment is required is an incorrect statement for a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. The renal impairment can reduce the elimination of the drug and increase its concentration in the blood. This can cause adverse effects and toxicity. The nurse should consult with the prescriber or the pharmacist about the appropriate dose reduction or frequency change for the patient's level of renal function.

Choice C reason: Increasing the dose to ensure therapeutic effect is a dangerous and inappropriate adjustment for a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. The renal impairment can reduce the elimination of the drug and increase its concentration in the blood. This can cause adverse effects and toxicity. The nurse should not increase the dose without the prescriber's order and should monitor the patient for signs of overdose or toxicity.

Choice D reason: Decreasing the dose to prevent toxicity is the correct and rational adjustment for a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. The renal impairment can reduce the elimination of the drug and increase its concentration in the blood. This can cause adverse effects and toxicity. The nurse should consult with the prescriber or the pharmacist about the appropriate dose reduction or frequency change for the patient's level of renal function. The nurse should also monitor the patient for the therapeutic response and the adverse effects of the drug.

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Which phase of pharmacokinetics involves the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is preparing to administer phenylephrine as a vasopressor to treat a patient for hypotension. The desired therapeutic effect of phenylephrine in this context is:

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A patient with renal impairment is prescribed a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. What adjustment should the nurse anticipate?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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