Which of the following responses indicates sympathetic nervous system activation?
Tachycardia, dilated pupils
Pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction
Increased peristalsis, abdominal cramping
Hypoglycemia, headache
The Correct Answer is A
A. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. This response includes tachycardia (increased heart rate) and dilated pupils (mydriasis), both of which are common physiological changes during sympathetic activation.
B. Pupil constriction and bronchoconstriction are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "rest and digest" functions.
C. Increased peristalsis and abdominal cramping are also associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, as it promotes digestion and relaxation of the body.
D. Hypoglycemia and headache are not direct indicators of sympathetic activation. Hypoglycemia can occur for various reasons, and headaches can be caused by multiple factors, but they are not specific signs of sympathetic nervous system activation.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Unstable blood pressure can occur with damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary, but it is more commonly associated with other neurological conditions. While blood pressure may fluctuate, it is not the most direct result of pituitary or hypothalamic damage.
B. Diabetes insipidus is the correct answer. The pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance. Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can lead to a deficiency of ADH, causing diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by excessive thirst and urination.
C. Diabetes mellitus is a condition related to insulin production and blood sugar regulation, typically caused by pancreatic issues, not damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus.
D. Altered respiratory rate can occur with brain injury, but it is more commonly associated with damage to the brainstem rather than the hypothalamus or pituitary.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Bowel or bladder incontinence is a medical emergency and should be immediately reported. This symptom can indicate cauda equina syndrome, a condition caused by compression of the spinal nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord. This requires urgent surgical intervention to prevent permanent nerve damage.
B. Lower back pain is a common symptom of a herniated lumbar disk, but it is not an immediate emergency unless accompanied by other severe symptoms.
C. Muscle spasms are also common with a herniated disk and, while uncomfortable, are not immediately life-threatening.
D. Pain radiating down one leg (sciatica) is a typical symptom of a herniated lumbar disk and is often managed conservatively, unless it is severe or accompanied by other neurological deficits.
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