Which of the following is an essential role of calcium?
Blood clotting
Acid buffering
Extracellular osmotic pressure
ATP production
The Correct Answer is A
A. Calcium plays a critical role in blood clotting. It is involved in the coagulation cascade and is necessary for the activation of clotting factors that help stop bleeding.
B. Calcium is not involved in acid buffering. This function is primarily carried out by buffers such as bicarbonate in the blood.
C. While calcium does help regulate some functions of cells and tissues, it does not primarily contribute to extracellular osmotic pressure; this is more a function of proteins and other ions.
D. ATP production mainly occurs in mitochondria and is driven by the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, not by calcium directly. Calcium does, however, play a role in cellular processes like muscle contraction.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to impaired absorption, not excessive destruction of erythrocytes.
B. Aplastic anemia results from the bone marrow's inability to produce enough blood cells, leading to a deficiency of all blood cell types, rather than the destruction of erythrocytes.
C. Immunohemolytic anemia is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying the body's own erythrocytes, leading to excessive destruction of red blood cells.
D. Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by insufficient iron to produce hemoglobin, resulting in low red blood cell production, but not excessive destruction of erythrocytes.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, the central part that extends between the two epiphyses (ends). It is primarily composed of compact bone and houses the bone marrow.
B. The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints. It does not represent the shaft of the bone.
C. The cortex refers to the outer layer of the bone, specifically the compact bone that surrounds the spongy bone in the diaphysis. It is not synonymous with the shaft.
D. Osteoid is the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed of collagen and other proteins, but it does not refer to the shaft of a bone.
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