Which of the following is a characteristic of urine that indicates adequate hydration?

Dark color

Strong smelling

Oliguria

Pale color

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Dark-colored urine is typically a sign of dehydration, as the kidneys concentrate the urine when the body is low on water. Adequate hydration usually results in lighter-colored urine.

B. Strong-smelling urine can indicate dehydration, certain foods, or medications, but it is not an indicator of adequate hydration. Properly hydrated urine typically has a mild odor.

C. Oliguria, or low urine output, can be a sign of dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or other underlying issues. It is not a sign of adequate hydration.

D. Pale-colored urine is a characteristic of adequate hydration. When the body is well-hydrated, the kidneys excrete a greater volume of diluted urine, which tends to be light in color.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Insulin is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas, not alpha cells. Therefore, a lack of alpha cells would not affect insulin secretion.

B. Alpha cells of the pancreas are responsible for secreting glucagon, which helps raise blood glucose levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. Without alpha cells, glucagon secretion would be impaired.

C. Somatostatin and gastrin are secreted by delta cells and G cells, respectively, not alpha cells. Therefore, a lack of alpha cells would not prevent the secretion of these hormones.

D. Pancreatic polypeptides are secreted by F cells in the pancreas, not alpha cells. Therefore, a lack of alpha cells would not affect the secretion of pancreatic polypeptides.

A. pH 7.50, HCO3- 20 mEq/L. PaCO2 32 mm Hg B. pH 7.25, HCO3- 19 mEq/L, PaCO 30 mm Hg C. pH 7.55, HCO3- 30 mEq/L. PaCO 31 mm Hg D. pH 7.30, HCO3- 26 mEq/L, PaCO2 50 mm Hg

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. A pH of 7.50 is alkalotic, and the bicarbonate level is low, which is inconsistent with chronic kidney disease, where metabolic acidosis is more common.

B. The pH of 7.25 indicates acidosis, but the bicarbonate level is too low, and the PaCO2 is too low to be consistent with a typical acid-base imbalance in chronic kidney disease.

C. The pH of 7.55 is alkalotic, which does not fit the typical presentation of chronic kidney disease, which is associated with metabolic acidosis.

D. A pH of 7.30 indicates mild acidosis, and the bicarbonate level is within a normal range for compensatory mechanisms. The elevated PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg indicates respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis, which is expected in chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys are unable to adequately excrete acid.

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Which of the following is a characteristic of urine that indicates adequate hydration?

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