Which method are for administering drugs by parenteral routes? (Select all that apply.)
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Via a nasogastric tube
Intradermal
Intravenous
Correct Answer : A,B,D,E
A) Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous route involves administering medication into the layer of fat and connective tissue beneath the skin. This method is used for drugs that require slower absorption, such as insulin or certain vaccines.
B) Intramuscular:
The intramuscular route involves injecting medication directly into a muscle. This allows for faster absorption compared to subcutaneous injections, making it ideal for drugs that need to be absorbed quickly, such as vaccines or certain antibiotics.
C) Via a nasogastric tube:
Administering drugs via a nasogastric tube is not considered a parenteral route. The nasogastric (NG) tube delivers medications directly into the stomach via the gastrointestinal tract, which is not part of the parenteral system. Parenteral routes are those that bypass the digestive system, like injections.
D) Intradermal:
The intradermal route involves injecting medication just under the skin, in the dermis. This is typically used for allergy testing or tuberculosis screenings. It is a parenteral route because it bypasses the digestive system.
E) Intravenous:
The intravenous route involves injecting medication directly into a vein, offering rapid absorption and fast onset of action. This method is ideal for critical or emergency situations where immediate medication effects are necessary.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A) Gamma globulin
Gamma globulin is a blood product used to provide passive immunity by supplying antibodies to prevent or treat certain infections. It is not used for digitalis toxicity, so A is incorrect.
B) Cardizem
Cardizem (diltiazem) is a calcium channel blocker primarily used for controlling heart rate and treating conditions such as atrial fibrillation or angina. It is not used as an antidote for digoxin toxicity, so B is incorrect.
C) Protamine
Protamine is a medication used to reverse the effects of heparin, an anticoagulant. It works by neutralizing the anticoagulant activity of heparin, but it is not used to treat digitalis (digoxin) toxicity, so C is incorrect.
D) Digoxin immune fab
Digoxin immune fab is the specific antidote for digoxin toxicity. It consists of antibodies that bind to digoxin molecules, thereby neutralizing their toxic effects on the heart. This antidote is used when a patient exhibits severe symptoms of digoxin toxicity, such as arrhythmias or life-threatening effects on the heart. Therefore, D is the correct answer.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A) Age, weight, and sex:
Age, weight, and sex are key factors that significantly affect an individual's physiological response to drug use. These factors influence how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes medications. For example, older adults may have slower metabolism and decreased renal function, requiring dosage adjustments. Body weight can affect the distribution of drugs, with heavier individuals potentially requiring higher doses for the same therapeutic effect. Sex also plays a role, as men and women can have differences in drug absorption and metabolism due to hormonal and physiological variations.
B) Marital status and family history:
Marital status and family history do not directly affect the physiological response to medications in the way that biological factors like age, weight, and sex do. While family history may provide insights into genetic predispositions for certain diseases, it does not significantly impact the pharmacodynamics of most medications. Marital status is largely a social factor and does not influence drug metabolism or effects.
C) Diet and exercise:
Diet and exercise can influence drug absorption and metabolism to some extent, but they are not as direct or universal in their impact as factors like age, weight, and sex. For example, high-fat meals can delay the absorption of certain medications, and exercise can affect the metabolism of some drugs. However, these are secondary factors compared to biological characteristics such as age and weight that directly alter how the body processes drugs.
D) Socioeconomic status and education level:
While socioeconomic status and education level can influence medication adherence and access to healthcare, they do not directly affect the body's physiological response to drugs. These factors may affect how a patient manages their health or accesses medical care, but they do not influence the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs in the body.
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