Which cranial nerves are involved in eye movements? Select all that apply.

Trochlear

Optic

Oculomotor

Abducens

Facial

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,D

A) Trochlear: The trochlear nerve (CN IV) is responsible for innervating the superior oblique muscle, which helps control the downward and inward movement of the eye.
B) Optic: The optic nerve (CN II) is primarily involved in vision and visual acuity, not in the movement of the eye. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
C) Oculomotor: The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the extraocular muscles, including those responsible for eye movement (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique) and also controls pupil constriction.
D) Abducens: The abducens nerve (CN VI) controls the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for the outward movement of the eye.
E) Facial: The facial nerve (CN VII) controls the muscles of facial expression and is not involved in eye movements.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Flatness: This percussion note is typically associated with areas of high density, such as over muscle or a solid organ like the liver. In a pneumothorax, the lung tissue is not solidified, so flatness is not expected.
B. Dullness: Dullness is generally noted over fluid-filled areas or solid structures, such as a pleural effusion or a mass. In the case of a pneumothorax, where there is air in the pleural space, dullness would not be the expected finding.
C. Resonance: Resonance is the normal percussion note over healthy lung tissue. It indicates normal air-filled lung spaces. In a pneumothorax, the increased air in the pleural space causes an abnormal note.
D. Hyperresonance: This percussion note is associated with increased air in the pleural space, as seen in conditions like a pneumothorax. The extra air causes a more resonant, hollow sound when percussed, distinguishing it from normal lung resonance.

A. Dysuria B. Dyspareunia C. urinary frequency. D. vaginal discharge.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Dysuria: Dysuria, or painful urination, is not typically associated with menopause. It is more commonly linked to urinary tract infections or other urinary tract conditions.
B) Dyspareunia: Dyspareunia, or pain during intercourse, is a common symptom experienced during menopause. Decreased estrogen levels can lead to vaginal dryness and thinning of vaginal tissues, contributing to discomfort during sexual activity.
C) Urinary frequency: While urinary frequency can be a symptom of various conditions, it is not a primary symptom of menopause. However, changes in estrogen levels can sometimes impact urinary function, but it is less common than symptoms like dyspareunia.
D) Vaginal discharge: Vaginal discharge is usually not a symptom of menopause. Instead, menopause is often associated with reduced vaginal discharge or dryness due to decreased estrogen levels. Increased discharge could indicate other issues such as infections or hormonal imbalances.

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Which cranial nerves are involved in eye movements? Select all that apply.

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