Which clinical manifestation is common in a closed fracture?

A closed fracture is a fracture where the skin remains intact over the fractured bone, and there is no open wound at the site of the fracture.

a. A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin: This type of fracture is known as an open or compound fracture, where the bone pierces through the skin.
b. A fracture where the bone is out of alignment: This type of fracture is known as a displaced fracture, where the bone fragments are not aligned properly.
c. A fracture where the bone is completely broken in two: A complete fracture refers to a fracture that results in two separate bone fragments, but it does not necessarily involve the skin.

The nurse should instruct the patient to avoid placing any objects under the cast to prevent skin irritation, damage to the cast, and potential introduction of bacteria or contaminants.

a. Encouraging the patient to frequently remove the cast for skin care is not recommended, as it can compromise the cast's fit and function and increase the risk of complications.
b. Advising the patient to use a hairdryer on the cast to relieve itching is not recommended, as it can cause skin maceration and damage the cast.
d. Educating the patient to keep the cast exposed to air for prolonged periods is not recommended, as dirt and debris can get trapped inside the cast, increasing the risk of infection. The patient should follow the healthcare provider's instructions for cast care.