When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

Pupil constriction

Muscle contraction

Increase GI motility

Decrease in heart rate

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A) Pupil constriction: Pupil constriction (miosis) is primarily mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system through muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors, when stimulated, affect skeletal muscle contraction, not the size of the pupils.

B) Muscle contraction: Nicotinic receptors are located on skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for mediating muscle contraction when activated. When a drug stimulates nicotinic receptors, the expected outcome is muscle contraction, as these receptors play a critical role in neuromuscular transmission.

C) Increase GI motility: While nicotinic receptors are involved in muscle contraction, they are not the primary mediators of gastrointestinal motility. Muscarinic receptors, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, primarily control GI motility. Stimulating muscarinic receptors would lead to increased motility, but not nicotinic receptors.

D) Decrease in heart rate: A decrease in heart rate is typically associated with the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, particularly those that influence the parasympathetic nervous system (vagal tone). Nicotinic receptor activation does not directly influence heart rate; in fact, their stimulation is more related to skeletal muscle contraction.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Beta 1: Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are primarily located in the heart and are responsible for increasing heart rate (chronotropy), the force of contraction (inotropy), and the conduction speed of electrical impulses within the heart (dromotropy). When a drug is given to increase heart rate and myocardial activity, it is stimulating the beta-1 receptors, which enhance the heart's performance..

B) Beta 2: Beta-2 receptors are predominantly found in smooth muscles, such as those
in the bronchi, blood vessels, and uterus. Stimulation of beta-2 receptors leads to relaxation of these muscles, including bronchodilation and vasodilation, which would not have a direct effect on increasing heart rate or myocardial activity.

C) Alpha 2: Alpha-2 receptors are primarily located in the central nervous system (CNS) and act to inhibit the release of norepinephrine, leading to a reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity. They have the opposite effect of what is desired in this case, as stimulation of alpha-2 receptors would actually lower heart rate and decrease myocardial activity, not increase it.

D) Alpha 1: Alpha-1 receptors are found in the smooth muscle of blood vessels and when stimulated, cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure. While alpha-1 receptors do affect the cardiovascular system, they do not directly influence heart rate or myocardial contractility.

A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. Enkephalin

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor primarily used in cases of shock to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. However, it does not have a vasodilatory effect on renal blood vessels. Instead, it tends to decrease renal perfusion due to its strong vasoconstrictor properties, which could worsen renal insufficiency.

B) Dopamine: Dopamine is a catecholamine that has a dose-dependent effect on various receptors. At low doses, dopamine specifically acts on dopaminergic receptors in the kidneys, leading to vasodilation of renal blood vessels, which can improve renal perfusion. This makes it particularly useful in treating shock when there is concern about renal insufficiency or reduced kidney function.

C) Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, not a catecholamine. It is involved in promoting various physiological effects such as slowing the heart rate and stimulating digestive processes, but it does not have a specific role in vasodilation of renal blood vessels or shock management.

D) Enkephalin: Enkephalins are endogenous peptides involved in the regulation of pain and stress responses. They do not have a direct effect on vasodilation of renal blood vessels. Enkephalins are not typically used to treat shock or manage renal insufficiency.

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When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

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