A patient reports weakness of the extremities and diplopia. The nurse knows that these symptoms are characteristic of which condition?

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Cerebral palsy (CP)

Parkinson disease (PD)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Myasthenia gravis (MG):
Weakness of the extremities and diplopia (double vision) are hallmark symptoms of myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction. In MG, antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. The weakness typically affects voluntary muscles, including those responsible for eye movement, which leads to symptoms such as diplopia and ptosis (drooping eyelids).

B) Multiple sclerosis (MS):
Multiple sclerosis involves the demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms. While MS can cause weakness and visual disturbances, the typical symptoms of MS include fatigue, muscle spasticity, ataxia, and sensory deficits. Diplopia can occur in MS but is usually accompanied by other neurological signs such as numbness, tingling, or loss of coordination.

C) Cerebral palsy (CP):
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting movement and posture due to non-progressive brain injury or abnormal brain development, often occurring in early childhood. While CP can cause muscle weakness and coordination issues, it does not typically present with diplopia. Instead, it often involves spasticity, motor impairment, and difficulty with fine motor tasks.

D) Parkinson disease (PD):
Parkinson disease is characterized by tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability. While PD can lead to muscle weakness and visual issues like blurred vision, it is not typically associated with diplopia as a primary symptom. The hallmark motor symptoms are primarily related to tremor and difficulty initiating movements rather than generalized weakness and double vision.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin:
Depression has been strongly linked to deficiencies in certain neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters play significant roles in regulating mood, emotions, and behavior. When their levels are low, individuals may experience symptoms of depression, such as sadness, low energy, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), and difficulty concentrating. Antidepressant medications often work by increasing the availability of these neurotransmitters in the brain.

B) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine:
While norepinephrine plays a key role in depression, epinephrine and acetylcholine are not typically highlighted as the primary neurotransmitters involved in depression. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is more associated with the body’s stress response and fight-or-flight reaction. Acetylcholine is involved in memory and learning processes, but it is not the primary neurotransmitter related to depression.

C) Acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin:
Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in many brain functions, but they are not the primary neurotransmitters linked to depression. While GABA may play a role in mood regulation, it is not typically associated with depression in the same way that serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are. Serotonin is the exception in this answer

D) Gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and epinephrine:
Although dopamine is involved in depression, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and epinephrine are not the key neurotransmitters associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Epinephrine primarily affects the stress response, and while GABA does influence mood and anxiety, it is not the main neurotransmitter linked to depression itself.

A. Phagocytosis B. Endocytosis C. Pinocytosis D. Exocytosis

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis refers to the process by which a cell engulfs large particles, such as pathogens or debris, and brings them into the cell. It is not related to the movement of hormones across the cell membrane.
B) Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process where a cell engulfs substances from the external environment and brings them into the cell. However, this term is typically used when substances like nutrients or larger molecules are taken into the cell, not when hormones are being secreted out of the cell.
C) Pinocytosis: Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs extracellular fluid and dissolved substances. It is often referred to as "cell drinking" and involves the uptake of fluids, not the secretion of hormones across the membrane.
D) Exocytosis: This is the correct answer. Exocytosis is the process by which substances, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, are transported from inside the cell to the outside by vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane. In the case of hormones, they are synthesized within the cell and then released into the extracellular space via exocytosis, enabling them to reach their target sites.

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A patient reports weakness of the extremities and diplopia. The nurse knows that these symptoms are characteristic of which condition?

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