When assessing an individual during an acute (severe) asthma episode, you should expect to find (select all that apply)
use of accessory breathing muscles.
foul-smelling sputum.
feeling of chest tightness.
coughing.
expiratory wheezing.
Correct Answer : A,C,D,E
Choice A reason: Use of accessory breathing muscles is a sign of respiratory distress and increased work of breathing. Accessory muscles are the muscles of the neck, chest, and abdomen that assist the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in breathing. They are normally not used for breathing, but they are recruited when the airway is obstructed or the lung function is impaired.
Choice B reason: Foul-smelling sputum is not a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a sign of a bacterial infection or a lung abscess. Sputum is the mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It can have different colors, textures, and odors depending on the cause and severity of the condition.
Choice C reason: Feeling of chest tightness is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is caused by the bronchoconstriction, or the narrowing of the airways, that occurs during an asthma attack. It can also be accompanied by pain or pressure in the chest.
Choice D reason: Coughing is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a reflex action that tries to clear the airways of mucus, irritants, or foreign particles. It can also be triggered by the inflammation and hypersensitivity of the airways that occur during an asthma attack.
Choice E reason: Expiratory wheezing is a sign of an acute asthma episode. It is a high-pitched whistling sound that is heard when the person exhales. It is caused by the turbulent flow of air through the narrowed airways. It can also be heard on inspiration, but it is more prominent on expiration.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage are not the causes of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Bronchial cartilage is the rigid structure that supports the bronchi, the large airways that branch from the trachea. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, and deformation is a change in the shape or structure of the cells. These processes can affect the bronchial cartilage, but they do not directly obstruct the airway.
Choice B reason: Loss of alveolar elastin is not the cause of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Alveolar elastin is the elastic fiber that allows the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, to expand and recoil during breathing. Loss of alveolar elastin is a characteristic of COPD type A (emphysema), which causes the alveoli to lose their shape and collapse. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange, but it does not obstruct the airway.
Choice C reason: Pulmonary edema is not the cause of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, usually due to heart failure or lung injury. It causes shortness of breath, coughing, and crackles in the lungs. It can impair gas exchange and oxygenation, but it does not obstruct the airway.
Choice D reason: Thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy are the causes of airway obstruction in COPD type B. Thick mucus is the result of chronic inflammation and infection of the bronchi, which stimulates the mucus glands to produce more and thicker mucus. Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the bronchial walls, which narrows the airway and reduces its elasticity. Smooth muscle hypertrophy is the enlargement of the smooth muscle cells that surround the bronchi, which increases the airway resistance and causes bronchospasm. These processes combine to obstruct the airway and cause chronic cough, wheezing, and dyspnea.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Hypertension is a risk factor for developing heart failure, but it does not indicate the severity or location of the heart failure.
Choice B reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Dyspnea upon exertion is a symptom of left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the lungs.
Choice C reason: This is a symptom of right heart failure. Significant edema to both lower legs and feet is a result of increased pressure in the systemic circulation, which occurs when the right ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. This causes fluid to accumulate in the dependent areas, such as the lower extremities.
Choice D reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Decreased urine output is a symptom of left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the aorta and the rest of the body. This causes reduced renal perfusion and oliguria.
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