What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?

Proteins

Enzymes

Hormones

Electrolytes

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Proteins:
Proteins are generally too large to diffuse freely across the cell membrane. They require specific transport mechanisms, such as endocytosis or transport proteins, to move in and out of cells. The hydrophilic nature of most proteins further complicates their passage across the lipid bilayer.

B) Enzymes:
Like proteins, enzymes are large molecules that do not freely diffuse across cell membranes. Enzymes, being proteins, also need specialized transport mechanisms or need to be secreted or endocytosed to enter or exit cells.

C) Hormones:
Many hormones, particularly lipid-soluble ones like steroid hormones, can diffuse freely across the cell membrane. These hormones pass through the lipid bilayer due to their hydrophobic nature and bind to intracellular receptors, initiating cellular responses. However, water-soluble hormones (e.g., insulin) typically do not diffuse freely but interact with receptors on the cell surface.

D) Electrolytes:
Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions) are charged particles that cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer due to the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. They require specific ion channels or transporters to move in and out of the cell. Diffusion of electrolytes is facilitated through these channels, but it is not a simple diffusion process as seen with small, uncharged molecules.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) It decreases the activity of norepinephrine receptor sites: Cholinergic agonists specifically act on acetylcholine receptors, not norepinephrine receptors. Norepinephrine is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and its receptors (alpha and beta), whereas cholinergic agonists affect the parasympathetic system through acetylcholine receptors.
B) It increases the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites: This is the correct answer. Cholinergic agonists work by stimulating acetylcholine receptors (both muscarinic and nicotinic), thereby enhancing the action of acetylcholine. This can lead to various effects such as decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and muscle contraction, as part of the parasympathetic nervous system response.
C) It decreases the activity of GABA receptor sites: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts on GABA receptors, not acetylcholine receptors. Cholinergic agonists have no direct effect on GABA receptor activity.
D) It increases the activity of dopamine receptor sites: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter primarily involved in the reward system, motor control, and mood regulation. Cholinergic agonists do not directly affect dopamine receptors. Instead, they target acetylcholine receptors, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A. Central nervous system (CNS), memory, and cognition B. Cardiovascular system and postural muscles C. Respiratory system and facial muscles D. Gastrointestinal system (GI) and lower extremity muscles

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Central nervous system (CNS), memory, and cognition: Myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily affects the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness, not directly the central nervous system. While cognitive function may be affected in some patients due to fatigue or medication side effects, it is not the main system affected by MG.

B) Cardiovascular system and postural muscles: Myasthenia gravis primarily affects skeletal muscles, especially those responsible for voluntary movements like facial muscles, swallowing, and respiratory muscles. While MG can lead to general weakness, it does not typically affect the cardiovascular system directly.

C) Respiratory system and facial muscles: This is the correct answer. Myasthenia gravis primarily affects the voluntary muscles, particularly those controlling eye movements, facial expressions, swallowing, and breathing. The respiratory system is vulnerable due to weakness of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which can lead to respiratory distress in severe cases. Facial muscles are commonly affected, leading to symptoms like ptosis (drooping eyelids) and difficulty smiling or speaking.

D) Gastrointestinal system (GI) and lower extremity muscles: Although myasthenia gravis can cause generalized muscle weakness, it is not typically associated with the gastrointestinal system. The primary impact is on the voluntary muscles, such as those in the face, throat, and respiratory system. Lower extremity muscles can be affected, but the respiratory and facial muscles are more commonly involved.

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What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A student ask the pharmacology instructor to describe the function of cholinergic agonist. What would be the instructor's reply?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The nurse is preparing to care for a patient who has myasthenia gravis. The nurse will be alert to symptoms affecting which body system in this patient?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which patient may require a higher-than-expected dose of an opioid analgesic?

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The central nervous system (CNS) cells, where the impulses for the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) originate, are located where?

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