A young woman, who lives alone, comes home at night to find a man in her apartment. What body responses would be expected for this young woman?
decreased sweating, decreased BP, and increased heart rate
Increased sweating, decreased respiratory rate, and increased BP
Pupil constriction, increased respiratory rate, and decreased heart rate
Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and pupil dilation
The Correct Answer is D
A) Decreased sweating, decreased BP, and increased heart rate: This combination does not reflect a typical stress response. In stressful or threatening situations, the body activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased sweating, elevated blood pressure, and other physiological changes, rather than a decrease in blood pressure.
B) Increased sweating, decreased respiratory rate, and increased BP: In a stressful situation, sweating would indeed increase due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. However, the respiratory rate would typically increase, not decrease, as the body prepares for the "fight or flight" response. Increased blood pressure is expected, but decreased respiratory rate does not align with this response.
C) Pupil constriction, increased respiratory rate, and decreased heart rate: Pupil constriction is not characteristic of the "fight or flight" response; instead, pupil dilation occurs as part of the body's preparation to react to a threat. Increased respiratory rate and heart rate are typically seen during stress, but decreased heart rate would not be expected in such a situation.
D) Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and pupil dilation: This is the correct response. When faced with a threatening situation, the body activates the sympathetic nervous system, triggering the "fight or flight" response. This includes increased blood pressure and heart rate to prepare the body for action, as well as pupil dilation (mydriasis) to enhance vision and perception of the environment. These changes help the body respond quickly to a perceived danger.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A) Tacrine (Cognex): Tacrine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to improve cognitive function. It is not typically used for Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, shuffling gait, and rigidity.
B) Rivastigmine (Exelon): Rivastigmine is another acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, similar to Tacrine, primarily used to treat Alzheimer's disease or dementia-related symptoms. While it helps with cognitive symptoms, it is not effective in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C) Carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet): This is the correct answer. Carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) is the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine, which helps address the dopamine deficiency in the brain that causes symptoms like tremors, shuffling gait, and lack of facial expression (masked facies). Carbidopa is added to prevent levodopa from being broken down before it reaches the brain, enhancing its effectiveness.
D) Donepezil (Aricept): Donepezil is also an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used primarily in Alzheimer's disease. Like Tacrine and Rivastigmine, it works to improve cognitive function but does not treat the motor symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease. It would not be appropriate for managing the patient's Parkinsonian symptoms.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A) Parkinson disease is characterized by an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine:
The decrease in dopamine results in an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine. Normally, dopamine and acetylcholine work in a balanced manner to regulate motor control. As dopamine levels decrease in Parkinson's disease, acetylcholine's effects become more prominent, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement).
B) Parkinson disease involves increased dopamine production and decreased acetylcholine:
This statement is incorrect. In Parkinson's disease, there is actually a decrease in dopamine production, not an increase. The disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to the motor symptoms typical of Parkinsonism. The imbalance in Parkinson's disease is primarily one of decreased dopamine and relatively increased acetylcholine activity.
C) Alzheimer disease is caused by decreased amounts of dopamine and degeneration of cholinergic neurons:
While Alzheimer's disease does involve a degeneration of cholinergic neurons (specifically those that release acetylcholine), the primary pathology is related to the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, not primarily a decrease in dopamine. Alzheimer's disease is primarily associated with a deficiency in acetylcholine, not dopamine, leading to cognitive impairments, rather than motor deficits.
D) Alzheimer disease involves a possible excess of acetylcholine and neuritic plaques:
This statement is incorrect. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a deficiency of acetylcholine, which plays a crucial role in memory and cognitive function. The hallmark pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease include the presence of neuritic plaques (formed from amyloid beta) and neurofibrillary tangles (composed of tau protein), not an excess of acetylcholine.
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