What is the term used for a well understood drug model with which other drugs in its representative class are compared?

Choice A reason: CT scan with contrast is an order that the nurse should question for the client who is taking metformin for hyperglycemia. Metformin is a medication that lowers the blood glucose level by decreasing the hepatic glucose production and increasing the insulin sensitivity¹. Metformin can cause a rare but serious complication called lactic acidosis, which is a buildup of lactic acid in the blood that can cause symptoms such as weakness, nausea, vomiting, or breathing problems. CT scan with contrast involves injecting iodinated contrast material into the bloodstream, which can affect the kidney function and increase the risk of lactic acidosis in patients taking metformin. The nurse should consult with the prescriber and the pharmacist about the need to stop metformin before and after the CT scan with contrast, and to monitor the kidney function and the blood glucose level of the client.

Choice B reason: Chest X-ray 1 view is not an order that the nurse should question for the client who is taking metformin for hyperglycemia. Chest X-ray is a diagnostic test that uses a small amount of radiation to produce images of the lungs, heart, and chest wall. Chest X-ray does not involve any contrast material or affect the kidney function or the blood glucose level. The nurse should follow the standard precautions and procedures for performing a chest X-ray, such as verifying the client's identity, checking for pregnancy, removing any metal objects, and positioning the client properly.

Choice C reason: V/Q scan is not an order that the nurse should question for the client who is taking metformin for hyperglycemia. V/Q scan is a diagnostic test that measures the ventilation and perfusion of the lungs, and can detect any abnormalities such as pulmonary embolism or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. V/Q scan involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and inhaling a radioactive gas, which are then detected by a special camera. V/Q scan does not affect the kidney function or the blood glucose level. The nurse should follow the standard precautions and procedures for performing a V/Q scan, such as verifying the client's identity, checking for allergies, explaining the procedure, and monitoring the vital signs.

Choice D reason: Bilateral lower extremity ultrasound is not an order that the nurse should question for the client who is taking metformin for hyperglycemia. Bilateral lower extremity ultrasound is a diagnostic test that uses sound waves to produce images of the blood vessels in the legs, and can detect any abnormalities such as deep vein thrombosis or peripheral arterial disease. Bilateral lower extremity ultrasound does not involve any contrast material or affect the kidney function or the blood glucose level. The nurse should follow the standard precautions and procedures for performing a bilateral lower extremity ultrasound, such as verifying the client's identity, explaining the procedure, and applying a gel and a probe to the legs.

Choice A reason: "I am not ready to eat lunch yet." is not a concerning statement for the patient who has completed their Albuterol nebulizer treatment. Albuterol is a medication that relaxes the muscles in the airways and increases the airflow to the lungs, which can improve the breathing and reduce the wheezing in patients with asthma¹. Albuterol does not affect the appetite or the digestion directly, but it may cause some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, or dry mouth, which may reduce the desire to eat. The nurse should respect the patient's preference and offer them food later when they are ready.

Choice B reason: "It feels like my heart is racing." is a concerning statement for the patient who has completed their Albuterol nebulizer treatment. Albuterol is a medication that relaxes the muscles in the airways and increases the airflow to the lungs, but it also stimulates the beta receptors in the heart, which can increase the heart rate and the blood pressure¹. This can cause side effects such as palpitations, chest pain, or arrhythmias, especially in patients with underlying heart conditions or those who take other medications that affect the heart. The nurse should monitor the patient's vital signs, report the finding to the prescriber, and prepare to administer interventions such as betablockers or calcium channel blockers to lower the heart rate and prevent complications.

Choice C reason: "It is easier to breathe now." is not a concerning statement for the patient who has completed their Albuterol nebulizer treatment. Albuterol is a medication that relaxes the muscles in the airways and increases the airflow to the lungs, which can improve the breathing and reduce the wheezing in patients with asthma¹. This is the expected and desired outcome of the Albuterol nebulizer treatment, which indicates that the medication is effective and the patient is responding well. The nurse should document the patient's response and continue to assess the patient's respiratory status and oxygen saturation.

Choice D reason: "I can breathe better now." is not a concerning statement for the patient who has completed their Albuterol nebulizer treatment. Albuterol is a medication that relaxes the muscles in the airways and increases the airflow to the lungs, which can improve the breathing and reduce the wheezing in patients with asthma¹. This is the expected and desired outcome of the Albuterol nebulizer treatment, which indicates that the medication is effective and the patient is responding well. The nurse should document the patient's response and continue to assess the patient's respiratory status and oxygen saturation.