What is the term used for a well understood drug model with which other drugs in its representative class are compared?

Choice A reason: Advise the client to avoid highfiber foods with the medication is not an appropriate intervention for a nurse to perform prior to administering Lasix to a client with heart failure. Lasix is a medication that increases the urine output and lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney. Lasix does not interact with highfiber foods or affect the digestion directly. Highfiber foods can actually help prevent or treat constipation, which can be a side effect of Lasix. The nurse should encourage the client to eat a balanced and nutritious diet, unless they have any dietary restrictions or allergies.

Choice B reason: Encourage the client to consume a potassium rich diet is not an appropriate intervention for a nurse to perform prior to administering Lasix to a client with heart failure. Lasix is a medication that increases the urine output and lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney. Lasix can also cause the loss of potassium in the urine, which can lead to hypokalemia, a condition that causes muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest. The nurse should monitor the serum potassium level and administer potassium supplements or potassiumsparing diuretics as prescribed to prevent hypokalemia. Consuming a potassium rich diet may not be sufficient or safe to correct the potassium imbalance caused by Lasix, especially in clients with kidney impairment or other medications that affect the potassium level.

Choice C reason: Assess the client’s respiratory rate and oxygen saturation is the most appropriate intervention for a nurse to perform prior to administering Lasix to a client with heart failure. Lasix is a medication that increases the urine output and lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney. Lasix can help reduce the fluid overload and congestion in the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, fatigue, and low oxygen levels in clients with heart failure. The nurse should assess the client’s respiratory rate and oxygen saturation to evaluate the severity of the pulmonary edema and the effectiveness of the Lasix therapy. The nurse should also monitor the client’s vital signs, fluid intake and output, and weight to ensure adequate fluid balance and hemodynamic stability.

Choice D reason: Instruct the client to increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration is not an appropriate intervention for a nurse to perform prior to administering Lasix to a client with heart failure. Lasix is a medication that increases the urine output and lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney. Lasix can cause dehydration, which can lead to symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, and fatigue. However, increasing fluid intake to prevent dehydration can worsen the fluid overload and congestion in the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, fatigue, and low oxygen levels in clients with heart failure. The nurse should advise the client to drink enough fluids to maintain hydration, but not to exceed the prescribed fluid restriction, which is usually around 1.52 liters per day. The nurse should also educate the client about the signs and symptoms of dehydration and fluid overload, and when to seek medical attention.

Choice A reason: The initial phase of drug distribution is not the correct definition of the term 'first pass effect'. Drug distribution is the process by which a drug moves from the bloodstream to the tissues and organs of the body. The initial phase of drug distribution is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, plasma protein binding, and tissue binding. The first pass effect is not related to drug distribution, but to drug metabolism, which is the chemical transformation of a drug in the body.

Choice B reason: The rapid absorption of a drug in the intestine is not the correct definition of the term 'first pass effect'. Drug absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration. The rapid absorption of a drug in the intestine depends on factors such as the drug formulation, the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, the presence of food or other drugs, and the surface area and motility of the intestine. The first pass effect is not related to drug absorption, but to drug metabolism, which is the chemical transformation of a drug in the body.

Choice C reason: The initial rapid excretion of a drug through the urinary system is not the correct definition of the term 'first pass effect'. Drug excretion is the process by which a drug or its metabolites are eliminated from the body. The initial rapid excretion of a drug through the urinary system is influenced by factors such as the renal blood flow, the glomerular filtration rate, the tubular secretion and reabsorption, and the urine pH. The first pass effect is not related to drug excretion, but to drug metabolism, which is the chemical transformation of a drug in the body.

Choice D reason: The metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation is the correct definition of the term 'first pass effect'. Drug metabolism is the process by which a drug is chemically transformed in the body, usually by enzymes in the liver or other tissues. The first pass effect is a phenomenon of drug metabolism that occurs when a drug is administered orally and passes through the gastrointestinal tract and the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. The first pass effect can reduce the bioavailability and the effectiveness of the drug, as some or most of the drug may be metabolized and inactivated before reaching the site of action.