What is an example of a client's primary defense to infection?

Inflammation

Fever

Phagocytosis

Intact skin

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Inflammation is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Inflammation is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Inflammation is a complex process that involves the release of chemical mediators, the dilation of blood vessels, the increase of blood flow, the migration of white blood cells, and the formation of exudate. Inflammation aims to contain, neutralize, and eliminate the infectious agent and to repair the damaged tissue.

Choice B reason: Fever is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Fever is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Fever is an elevation of the body temperature above the normal range, which is usually 36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius or 97.7 to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Fever is a systemic response to infection that is regulated by the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that controls the body's thermostat. Fever enhances the immune system's activity and inhibits the growth of some pathogens.

Choice C reason: Phagocytosis is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Phagocytosis is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Phagocytosis is a process that involves the engulfment and destruction of foreign particles, such as bacteria, by specialized cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Phagocytosis is a type of cellular immunity that eliminates the infectious agent and prevents its spread.

Choice D reason: Intact skin is an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Intact skin is the first and most important line of defense against infection, as it forms a physical barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens into the body. Intact skin also has chemical and biological properties that resist infection, such as the acidic pH, the secretion of sebum and sweat, and the presence of normal flora. Intact skin protects the underlying tissues and organs from infection and injury.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Joint pain with swelling is the correct answer, because it is a common symptom of SLE. SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels. Joint pain with swelling is caused by the inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints, which can lead to stiffness, reduced mobility, and deformity.

Choice B reason: Intense wrinkles is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Intense wrinkles are a cosmetic issue that affects the appearance of the skin, not the function of the organs or tissues. Intense wrinkles are caused by the loss of collagen and elasticity in the skin, which can result from aging, sun exposure, smoking, or dehydration.

Choice C reason: Raynaud's phenomenon is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition that affects the blood flow to the fingers and toes, not the joints or other organs. Raynaud's phenomenon is caused by the narrowing of the small arteries that supply blood to the extremities, which can result from cold, stress, or other factors.

Choice D reason: Tachycardia is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Tachycardia is a condition that affects the heart rate, not the joints or other organs. Tachycardia is caused by the abnormal electrical activity of the heart, which can result from anxiety, fever, infection, or other causes.

A. Decreased level of rheumatoid factor B. A negative rheumatoid factor C. A positive rheumatoid factor D. Factor does not change

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: A decreased level of rheumatoid factor is not seen in clients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that is produced by the immune system and can bind to other antibodies. A high level of rheumatoid factor indicates an autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Choice B reason: A negative rheumatoid factor is not seen in clients with rheumatoid arthritis. A negative rheumatoid factor means that the antibody is not detected in the blood. A negative rheumatoid factor does not rule out rheumatoid arthritis, but it may suggest a different type of arthritis or another condition.

Choice C reason: A positive rheumatoid factor is seen in clients with rheumatoid arthritis. A positive rheumatoid factor means that the antibody is detected in the blood. A positive rheumatoid factor is more likely to occur in clients with rheumatoid arthritis, especially during a flareup of the disease.

Choice D reason: Factor does not change is not seen in clients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor can vary over time and may change depending on the activity of the disease. Rheumatoid factor may increase during a flareup and decrease during remission.

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What is an example of a client's primary defense to infection?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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