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An nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of a femur fracture. What is included in the evaluation of the neurovascular status of the client's affected extremity? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Cleansing the skin routinely after soiling occurs is an effective intervention to prevent skin injury. This is because soiling from urine, feces, sweat, or wound drainage can irritate the skin and cause inflammation, infection, or breakdown. The nurse should use a gentle cleanser and warm water and pat the skin dry. The nurse should also avoid using harsh chemicals, alcohol, or perfumes on the skin.

Choice B reason: Applying moisturizer to dry areas of skin is an effective intervention to prevent skin injury. This is because dry skin is more prone to cracking, peeling, or tearing. The nurse should use a hypoallergenic moisturizer and apply it to the skin after cleansing and drying. The nurse should also avoid using products that contain alcohol, fragrances, or dyes on the skin.

Choice C reason: Using a Hoyer lift for all transfers is an effective intervention to prevent skin injury. This is because a Hoyer lift is a mechanical device that helps to lift and move the client safely and comfortably. It reduces the friction and shear on the skin by lifting the client off the bed surface and avoiding any sliding or dragging. It also prevents the nurse from injuring themselves by lifting the client manually.

Choice D reason: Massaging the client’s reddened shoulders and heels is not an effective intervention to prevent skin injury. In fact, this may worsen the skin injury by increasing the pressure and damage to the tissues. The nurse should avoid massaging any areas that are reddened, swollen, or blistered, as these are signs of pressure ulcers. The nurse should instead relieve the pressure by repositioning the client or using pressurerelieving devices, such as pillows, foam pads, or air mattresses.

Choice E reason: Repositioning the client once per shift is not an effective intervention to prevent skin injury. This is because repositioning the client once per shift is not frequent enough to prevent the development of pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin that reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the tissues. The nurse should reposition the client at least every 2 hours or more often if needed, depending on the client's condition and risk factors.

Choice A reason: This is an incorrect answer because Medicare is a federal health insurance program that covers certain groups of people, such as the elderly, the disabled, and the lowincome. Medicare does not publish the National Patient Safety Goals, but it does have its own quality and safety standards that health care providers must meet to receive reimbursement.

Choice B reason: This is an incorrect answer because the American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization that represents the interests of registered nurses in the United States. The ANA does not publish the National Patient Safety Goals, but it does have its own code of ethics, standards of practice, and policies that guide nursing practice and promote quality and safety.

Choice C reason: This is the correct answer because the Joint Commission is an independent, nonprofit organization that accredits and certifies more than 22,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States. The Joint Commission publishes the National Patient Safety Goals, which are specific and measurable goals that address the most critical patient safety issues in health care. The Joint Commission updates the goals annually based on the latest evidence and expert input.

Choice D reason: This is an incorrect answer because the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is a division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, which is a private, nonprofit organization that provides independent, objective, and authoritative advice to inform policy and practice. The IOM does not publish the National Patient Safety Goals, but it does conduct research and issue reports on various topics related to health and health care, including quality and safety.