The nurse recognizes that chronic stress can lead to a variety of illnesses in a patient. This is primarily because:

chronic stress changes genetic structure.

physiologic responses that were originally adaptive become maladaptive over time.

the patient experiences a deficit of available corticosteroids and catecholamines

the patient loses psychologic energy while worrying about stress.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

B. This statement aligns with the concept of allostatic load, which refers to the cumulative physiological toll that chronic stress places on the body over time. Initially, the body's stress response system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system) is designed to help individuals cope with acute stressors. However, when stress becomes chronic, these physiological responses can become dysregulated and maladaptive, leading to negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, and mental health disorders.
A. Chronic stress has been associated with various changes in gene expression and epigenetic modifications. However, these changes typically occur over longer periods and are not the primary mechanism by which chronic stress leads to illness in most cases.
C. Chronic stress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, which are responsible for producing and regulating corticosteroids (such as cortisol) and catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline). While acute stress typically results in increased production of these stress hormones, chronic stress can lead to desensitization and dysregulation of these systems, resulting in alterations in hormone levels and potential deficits in the availability of these stress mediators. However, deficits in corticosteroids and catecholamines are not the sole mechanism by which chronic stress leads to illness.
D. While chronic stress can certainly contribute to psychological fatigue and depletion of energy reserves, this is not the primary mechanism by which chronic stress leads to illness. The physiological responses to chronic stress, such as dysregulation of stress hormones, inflammation, and oxidative stress, are more directly linked to the development of various illnesses.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

C. Dehydration is a state of insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss, leading to electrolyte imbalances and increased concentrations of solutes in the blood. The elevated sodium level (hypernatremia) and slightly elevated glucose level in the context of dehydration are consistent with the laboratory findings. Dehydration can also cause elevated BUN due to decreased kidney perfusion and impaired renal function secondary to hypovolemia. Therefore, dehydration is the most likely condition based on the laboratory findings.
A. SIADH is characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia (low sodium levels). In this case, the sodium level is elevated, which is not consistent with SIADH. Therefore, SIADH is unlikely.

B. Low-protein diet is not typically associated with the laboratory findings presented. Low protein intake would not directly cause elevated sodium, potassium, glucose, or BUN levels. Therefore, this option is unlikely.
D. Renal failure is characterized by impaired kidney function, resulting in electrolyte imbalances, elevated BUN, and abnormal creatinine levels. However, the creatinine level in this case is within the normal range, suggesting preserved kidney function. Additionally, the elevated sodium level is not typically associated with renal failure. Therefore, renal failure is less likely.

A. STAT B. PRN C. TID D. QID

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "STAT" stands for "immediately" or "at once" in medical terminology. When a medication order is marked as STAT, it means that the medication should be administered as soon as possible, without delay. This abbreviation is used for urgent situations where the medication needs to be given promptly.
B. "PRN" stands for "pro re nata," which translates to "as needed" in Latin. When a medication order is marked as PRN, it means that the medication should be administered as required based on the patient's needs or symptoms. The timing of administration is not fixed but depends on specific conditions or situations, such as pain or nausea.
C. "TID" stands for "ter in die," which translates to "three times a day" in Latin. When a medication order is marked as TID, it means that the medication should be administered three times daily, at regular intervals throughout the day.
D. "QID" stands for "quater in die," which translates to "four times a day" in Latin. When a medication order is marked as QID, it means that the medication should be administered four times daily, at regular intervals throughout the day.

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The nurse recognizes that chronic stress can lead to a variety of illnesses in a patient. This is primarily because:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A client requires a medication immediately. Which abbreviation would be written in the physician's order for this medication?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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