The nurse is providing care to a client who has survived cardiac arrest Which of the following manifestations should alert the nurse to the development of PCAS?

Decreased circulation to the kidneys

Increased mental capacity

Improving respiratory function

Improvement in heart rate and blood pressure

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Decreased circulation to the kidneys: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is a constellation of systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury responses that occur after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) following cardiac arrest. One of the manifestations of PCAS is decreased circulation to the kidneys due to the systemic hypoperfusion that occurs during cardiac arrest and the subsequent reperfusion injury that follows ROSC. This can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) in some cases.

B. Increased mental capacity: While it is crucial to monitor neurological status after cardiac arrest, an immediate increase in mental capacity is not typically indicative of PCAS. Rather, neurological assessment may involve evaluating for signs of brain injury or dysfunction, which can include altered mental status, confusion, or neurological deficits.

C. Improving respiratory function: Improvement in respiratory function after cardiac arrest is a positive sign but may not necessarily indicate the development of PCAS. PCAS primarily involves systemic responses to the ischemia/reperfusion injury that occurs during and after cardiac arrest, rather than isolated respiratory changes.

D. Improvement in heart rate and blood pressure: Improvement in heart rate and blood pressure after cardiac arrest is generally expected with successful resuscitation efforts. However, these improvements alone may not necessarily indicate the development of PCAS. PCAS involves a broader range of systemic responses beyond just cardiac and hemodynamic changes.

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Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

A. Diabetes mellitus: An inverse association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) risk hasbeen reported. Apart from a lower AAA prevalence among patients with vsthose without DM, there isdata showing that DM may exert a protective role on aneurysmal growth in patients with small AAAs, thus decreasing the risk of rupture. As atherosclerosis has almost the same risk factors as aneurysms, the decreased AAA prevalence in patients with DM may indicate that atherosclerosis is an associated feature and not a cause of the aneurysms.

B. Total cholesterol 170 mg/dL (less than 200 mg/dL): While elevated total cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is not specifically listed as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, dyslipidemia, including elevated total cholesterol levels, can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, which is a risk factor for AAA.

C. HDL cholesterol 65 mg/dL (male greater than 45 mg/dL; female greater than 55 mg/dL): High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels greater than 65 mg/dL are not listed as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, low levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which may indirectly contribute to the development of AAA through the promotion of atherosclerosis.

D. Smoking cigarettes: Smoking cigarettes is a significant modifiable risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Smoking damages the walls of blood vessels, promotes inflammation, and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of AAA formation and rupture.

E. Family history of aneurysm: A family history of aneurysm, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), is a risk factor for developing AAA. Genetic factors can predispose individuals to the development of aneurysms, and a positive family history increases the likelihood of AAA occurrence.

A. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is commonly found in the suprarenal aorta. B. An abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs as a result of a thickened wall of the abdominal artery. C. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 30 mm in diameter. D. Abdominal aortic aneurysms might rupture if blood pressure is too low.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is commonly found in the suprarenal aorta: This statement is incorrect. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are most commonly found infrarenally, below the level of the renal arteries, rather than in the suprarenal region.

B. An abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs as a result of a thickened wall of the abdominal artery: This statement is incorrect. An abdominal aortic aneurysm typically occurs due to weakening of the arterial wall, rather than thickening. The weakened wall allows the arterial wall to bulge or balloon out, forming an aneurysm.

C. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 30 mm in diameter: This statement is correct. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds 50% of the normal vessel diameter, typically greater than 30 mm in diameter. This dilation occurs due to weakening of the arterial wall, which can result from various factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and genetic predisposition.

D. Abdominal aortic aneurysms might rupture if blood pressure is too low: This statement is incorrect. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are more likely to rupture when blood pressure is too high, rather than too low. Hypertension increases the pressure within the weakened arterial wall, potentially leading to rupture. Therefore, controlling blood pressure is crucial in managing abdominal aortic aneurysms to reduce the risk of rupture.

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The nurse is providing care to a client who has survived cardiac arrest Which of the following manifestations should alert the nurse to the development of PCAS?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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