The nurse is preparing to administer medications to a 54-year old client. Which medications taken would be affected by the first-pass effect? (Select All that Apply.)

A) The nurse reports the error to the physician and the charge nurse but does not document the error due to possible legal action: Ethical reporting includes thorough documentation of the error, regardless of potential legal implications. Failing to document the error could compromise patient safety and the quality of care, and it does not fulfill the requirement for transparent and comprehensive reporting.

B) The nurse does not report or document the error, since the error did not result in any harm to the patient: Ethical reporting of medication errors involves documenting and reporting all errors, regardless of whether harm occurred. This helps in preventing future errors and maintaining a culture of safety and accountability.

C) The nurse does not report the error, because the error was caught and corrected prior to drug administration: Even if the error was corrected before administration, it is crucial to report and document the incident. This practice helps identify potential systemic issues and improve safety protocols.

D) The nurse informs the patient, documents the error as per hospital policy, and notifies the physician: This action demonstrates ethical reporting as it includes informing the patient about the error, thoroughly documenting it according to hospital policy, and notifying the physician. This comprehensive approach ensures transparency, patient safety, and adherence to institutional guidelines.

A. Category A:
Medications classified as Category A are considered the safest during pregnancy. They have been well-studied in pregnant humans, and no risk to the fetus has been demonstrated. This classification means that adequate and well-controlled studies have shown no evidence of harm to the fetus in the first trimester and no risk in later trimesters.

B. Category C:
Category C medications have shown potential risks to the fetus in animal studies, and there are no well-controlled studies in humans. The benefits of the medication may outweigh the potential risks, but caution is advised. These medications are used when the potential benefits justify the potential risks to the fetus.

C. Category X:
Category X medications are contraindicated in pregnancy due to evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks that outweigh any potential benefits. These medications have demonstrated clear evidence of harm to the fetus in both human and animal studies, and their use is not recommended during pregnancy.

D. Category B:
Category B medications have shown no risk to animal fetuses, but there is a lack of adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant humans. The absence of evidence of harm in animal studies suggests that these drugs are generally considered safe, though their effects on human fetuses are not well-documented.