The home health nurse provides client teaching to a client who is taking oral prednisolone.
The nurse provides what instruction to the client?

Oxygen cannot diffuse rapidly across the membrane to tissues in the eye. This is because diabetic retinopathy is a condition that occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. As a result, the retina becomes ischemic (lacking oxygen) and tries to grow new blood vessels that are fragile and leaky.

Choice A is wrong because inability of cells in the eye to reproduce is not a cause of diabetic retinopathy.

The retina has a high metabolic rate and needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

Choice B is wrong because increase of aqueous humor in the eye is not a cause of diabetic retinopathy.

Aqueous humor is the clear fluid that fills the front part of the eye, not the retina.

An increase of aqueous humor can cause glaucoma, which is a different eye disorder that affects the optic nerve.

Choice C is wrong because decrease of nerve innervations throughout the eye is not a cause of diabetic retinopathy.

Nerve innervations are the connections between nerves and other tissues, such as muscles or glands.

Diabetic retinopathy affects the blood vessels, not the nerves, of the retina.

Choice A reason:

Injury sustained to the perineum during birth is not a perinatal injury, but a perineal injury. The perineum is the area between the anus and the genitals, and it can be torn or cut during vaginal delivery. This is a common complication that affects the mother, not the fetus or newborn.

Choice B reason:

Traumatic injury to the mother during pregnancy is not a perinatal injury, but a maternal injury. This can occur due to accidents, violence, or complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia or placental abruption. This can affect the mother's health and well-being, and may also have consequences for the fetus or newborn.

Choice C reason:

Traumatic injury to a fetus is not a perinatal injury, but a fetal injury. This can occur due to external forces such as blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, or radiation exposure that affect the fetus in utero. This can cause fetal distress, bleeding, fractures, or organ damage.

Choice D reason:

Injury sustained surrounding birth is a perinatal injury. This occurs in the period shortly before, during, or after delivery. This can be a critical time when the baby has to transition from surviving off oxygen, blood, and nutrients from the mother to separating from the womb and breathing oxygen from the air. Perinatal injuries can include head injuries, nerve injuries, hemorrhages, fractures, or soft-tissue injuries that result from the forces of labor and delivery or medical interventions such as forceps or vacuum extraction. Perinatal injuries can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental challenges for the newborn.