Skin color that lacks the red-pink tones from decreased hemoglobin in blood is best described as:

Choice A rationale

Fibrocystic lesions in the breast are benign changes that involve the formation of cysts and fibrous tissue. These do not typically cause an orange-peel appearance of the skin.

Choice B rationale

A normal finding of the breast would not include an orange-peel or "peau d'orange" appearance, as this is considered an abnormal change often associated with underlying pathology.

Choice C rationale

Carcinoma of the breast can lead to an orange-peel appearance of the skin due to lymphatic obstruction. This dimpling effect is caused by the cancerous infiltration and thickening of the skin, making this the correct answer.

Choice D rationale

Fibroadenoma is a benign tumor of the breast and does not usually cause the skin changes described as orange-peel appearance. This condition is generally not associated with skin texture changes.

Choice A rationale

The optic nerve (CN II) is responsible for vision, transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. Dysfunction of the optic nerve would result in visual disturbances, such as loss of vision or changes in visual acuity, rather than difficulty with tongue movement. This nerve does not control motor functions of the tongue.

Choice B rationale

The abducens nerve (CN VI) controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which is responsible for moving the eye outward, away from the nose. Dysfunction of the abducens nerve would result in issues with eye movement, such as double vision or inability to move the eye laterally, not tongue movement. It does not play a role in tongue motor control.

Choice C rationale

The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) controls the muscles of the tongue, enabling movements necessary for speech, swallowing, and mastication. Dysfunction of this nerve would result in difficulty protruding the tongue and reduced strength during resistance testing. Symptoms can include atrophy of the tongue muscles, fasciculations, and deviation of the tongue to one side when extended.

Choice D rationale

The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is responsible for hearing and balance, transmitting sound and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain. Dysfunction of the vestibulocochlear nerve would lead to symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance disorders like vertigo. It does not affect the motor control of the tongue.