On the basis of current knowledge of neurotransmitter effects, a nurse anticipates that the treatment plan for a patient with memory difficulties may include medications designed to do what?

Choice A reason: Flow and expression are not standard communication model elements. Communication involves sender, receiver, message, and feedback, with neural processing in the cortex enabling understanding. This option omits message, critical for transmitting meaning, making it scientifically incomplete for the communication process.

Choice B reason: Flow is not a recognized component of communication models. Sender, receiver, message, and feedback facilitate information exchange, with neural pathways like the auditory cortex processing signals. Omitting feedback, essential for verifying understanding, renders this option inaccurate for describing communication dynamics.

Choice C reason: Gesture is a channel, not a core element. The communication model includes sender, receiver, message, and feedback, processed via sensory and cognitive neural networks. Excluding the receiver, critical for decoding messages, makes this option incomplete and incorrect for the model’s structure.

Choice D reason: Sender, receiver, message, and feedback are core elements of communication. The sender encodes the message, the receiver decodes it via cortical processing, and feedback confirms understanding. This model reflects neurobiological communication processes, making it the accurate description of the communication framework.

Choice A reason: Justice ensures fair treatment across patients. Different interventions (restraint vs. supervision) for self-mutilation, possibly due to serotonin dysregulation, must be equitably applied based on clinical need, not bias. Ensuring consistent, fair application of interventions aligns with justice, addressing ethical concerns about differential treatment in psychiatric care.

Choice B reason: Autonomy involves respecting patient choices, but self-mutilation, driven by impulsivity or emotional dysregulation, requires safety interventions overriding choice. Restraint and supervision prioritize safety over autonomy, making this principle less relevant than justice, which focuses on equitable treatment across patients in this scenario.

Choice C reason: Fidelity emphasizes keeping promises or loyalty to patients, not the fairness of intervention choices. While trust is crucial, the concern here is equitable treatment for self-mutilation, not commitment to promises. Fidelity is secondary to justice in addressing differential interventions, making it incorrect.

Choice D reason: Beneficence focuses on doing good, like preventing harm in self-mutilation. Both restraint and supervision aim to protect, but the ethical concern is fairness, not benefit. Justice addresses equitable application of interventions, making beneficence less directly applicable to the ethical dilemma described.