By providing measures to reduce skin breakdown, how does the nurse break the chain of infection?

Choice A reason: Joint pain with swelling is the correct answer, because it is a common symptom of SLE. SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels. Joint pain with swelling is caused by the inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints, which can lead to stiffness, reduced mobility, and deformity.

Choice B reason: Intense wrinkles is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Intense wrinkles are a cosmetic issue that affects the appearance of the skin, not the function of the organs or tissues. Intense wrinkles are caused by the loss of collagen and elasticity in the skin, which can result from aging, sun exposure, smoking, or dehydration.

Choice C reason: Raynaud's phenomenon is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition that affects the blood flow to the fingers and toes, not the joints or other organs. Raynaud's phenomenon is caused by the narrowing of the small arteries that supply blood to the extremities, which can result from cold, stress, or other factors.

Choice D reason: Tachycardia is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Tachycardia is a condition that affects the heart rate, not the joints or other organs. Tachycardia is caused by the abnormal electrical activity of the heart, which can result from anxiety, fever, infection, or other causes.

Choice A reason: Nociceptive pain is not the type of pain that the client is experiencing. Nociceptive pain is caused by the stimulation of nociceptors, which are sensory receptors that detect tissue damage or potential harm. Nociceptive pain is usually localized, sharp, throbbing, or aching. It is associated with injuries such as cuts, burns, sprains, or fractures. The client's pain is not caused by any tissue damage or harm in the distal part of the amputated limb, as there is no tissue left there.

Choice B reason: Neuropathic pain is the type of pain that the client is experiencing. Neuropathic pain is caused by the damage or dysfunction of the nervous system, such as the peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, or the brain. Neuropathic pain is usually chronic, burning, shooting, or tingling. It is associated with conditions such as diabetes, shingles, stroke, or amputation. The client's pain is caused by the disruption of the nerve signals from the amputated limb, which creates a phantom sensation of pain in the missing part.

Choice C reason: Cutaneous pain is not the type of pain that the client is experiencing. Cutaneous pain is caused by the stimulation of the cutaneous receptors, which are sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, or pressure on the skin. Cutaneous pain is usually superficial, brief, or pricking. It is associated with stimuli such as pinching, scratching, or cold. The client's pain is not caused by any touch, temperature, or pressure on the skin of the distal part of the amputated limb, as there is no skin left there.

Choice D reason: Visceral pain is not the type of pain that the client is experiencing. Visceral pain is caused by the stimulation of the visceral receptors, which are sensory receptors that detect stretch, inflammation, or ischemia in the internal organs. Visceral pain is usually deep, dull, or cramping. It is associated with conditions such as appendicitis, pancreatitis, or bowel obstruction. The client's pain is not caused by any stretch, inflammation, or ischemia in the internal organs of the distal part of the amputated limb, as there are no organs left there.