Medication such as sedatives and hypnotics are sometimes prescribed to promote sleep.

These can be used for long-term relief.

Choice A rationale:
Perception is one of the phases of nociceptive pain. It involves the awareness of pain, where the brain recognizes and interprets the pain signals. During this phase, the individual becomes conscious of the painful sensation.
Choice B rationale:
Transmission is another phase of nociceptive pain. It involves the propagation of pain signals from the site of injury or damage to the central nervous system. Nerve fibers carry the pain signals to the spinal cord and brain for processing.
Choice D rationale:
Modulation is also a phase of nociceptive pain. It refers to the body's ability to modify or regulate the pain signals. This can involve the release of endorphins or other natural pain-relieving substances that help dampen the pain perception.
Choice E rationale:
Transduction is the last phase of nociceptive pain. It is the process where the noxious stimulus (injury or damage) is converted into electrical nerve signals that the body can understand. This conversion allows the pain signal to travel through the nervous system.
Choice C rationale:
Translation is not typically considered one of the phases of nociceptive pain. While translation may refer to the process of converting one form of information to another, it is not a recognized phase in the context of pain perception.

Choice A rationale:

Some older adults may indeed have concerns about taking pain medication, but this is not a primary reason for their hesitance to express pain. The fear of taking medication is not a universal characteristic of older adults.

Choice B rationale:

While older adults may be reluctant to bother nursing staff, this is not the primary reason for their reluctance to express pain. It is a consideration but not the main factor.

Choice C rationale:

The unawareness of discomfort is not a common reason for older adults to avoid expressing pain. Most older adults are aware of their discomfort but may not express it for other reasons.

Choice D rationale:

Older adults may have been culturally trained not to complain about pain or discomfort. In some cultures, stoicism and not burdening others with one's pain are highly valued. This cultural training can lead older adults to underreport their pain.

Choice E rationale:

Believing pain is a natural consequence of aging is a misconception, but it is not the primary reason why older adults may not express their pain. They may believe this, but cultural and societal factors have a more significant impact.